Browser Automation with cmux

Read the CLI contract first

Check the binary that will actually run before giving an exact command:

cmux browser --help
cmux --version

There are two deliberately different command shapes:

• Create a browser surface with open, open-split, or new. These commands may be workspace-scoped and do not need a surface handle.
• Use an existing surface with every surface-bound navigation, inspection, interaction, tab, state, or diagnostic command. Pass the handle explicitly with --surface <handle> or as the first positional token.

Prefer the flag form in scripts because it makes the target unmissable:

SURFACE="surface:7" # use a ref returned by discovery; do not guess an index
cmux browser --surface "$SURFACE" get url
cmux browser --surface "$SURFACE" get-url       # accepted alias
cmux browser --surface "$SURFACE" snapshot --interactive
cmux browser --surface "$SURFACE" snapshot -i   # accepted alias
cmux browser --surface "$SURFACE" url            # accepted alias
cmux browser --surface "$SURFACE" tab list
cmux browser --surface "$SURFACE" click e1 --snapshot-after

The positional form is equivalent (cmux browser "$SURFACE" get url). url and get-url are accepted URL aliases, and the short interactive snapshot flag is accepted when a surface is already present; use get url and snapshot --interactive in new documentation so the target and operation are clear. Surface-bound operations have no unscoped form. The current CLI's explicitly global browser verbs (open, open-split, new, identify, import, profile, profiles, react-grab, reactgrab, devtools, dev-tools, focus-mode, design-mode, zoom, and history) may omit the handle and use caller/workspace routing; do not infer a target from visible focus for any other verb.

Find an existing browser surface without changing focus

identify, tree, and list commands are read-only and do not select a workspace, pane, or browser. Do not infer that the visually focused surface is the one the user wants.

First inspect the caller context (useful for the default workspace):

cmux identify --json

To discover browser surfaces in the caller or another workspace/window, use the all-window tree. It includes parent refs, so a browser in a different workspace can be targeted directly without selecting that workspace:

cmux tree --all --json \
  | jq -r '
      .windows[]? as $window
      | $window.workspaces[]? as $workspace
      | $workspace.panes[]? as $pane
      | $pane.surfaces[]?
      | select(.type == "browser")
      | [$window.ref, $workspace.ref, $pane.ref, .ref]
      | @tsv'

The filtered output is window, workspace, pane, and surface refs. Keep the surface ref, then target it explicitly:

SURFACE="surface:N" # copied from the filtered tree output
cmux browser --surface "$SURFACE" get url
cmux browser --surface "$SURFACE" snapshot --interactive

If the user gives a URL or title instead of a workspace/pane, match that metadata locally and emit only the unique surface ref. This never prints the matched URL or title:

MATCH_FIELD="url" # use "title" when matching a page title
MATCH_VALUE="${BROWSER_URL_OR_TITLE:?set BROWSER_URL_OR_TITLE without logging it}"
SURFACE="$(
  cmux tree --all --json |
    jq -r --arg field "$MATCH_FIELD" --arg value "$MATCH_VALUE" '
      [
        .windows[]? as $window
        | $window.workspaces[]? as $workspace
        | $workspace.panes[]? as $pane
        | $pane.surfaces[]?
        | select(.type == "browser")
        | select((if $field == "url" then (.url // "") else (.title // "") end) == $value)
        | .ref
      ] as $matches
      | if ($matches | length) == 1 then $matches[0]
        elif ($matches | length) == 0 then error("no matching browser surface")
        else error("multiple matches; use workspace/pane context")
        end'
)"
if [[ -z "$SURFACE" ]]; then
  printf '%s\n' 'no uniquely matching browser surface; provide workspace/pane context' >&2
  exit 1
fi
cmux browser --surface "$SURFACE" get url

For one known workspace, cmux --json list-pane-surfaces --workspace <workspace> is a smaller read-only query. Raw tree/list payloads can contain page URLs and titles; filter or redact them before logging or pasting them. Never use a focus/select command merely to discover a surface.

Core workflow

Open (or create) a surface without stealing focus, capture the returned ref, then use that ref for every existing-surface operation:

OPEN_JSON="$(cmux --json browser open https://example.com --focus false)"
SURFACE="$(printf '%s' "$OPEN_JSON" | jq -r '.surface_ref // .surface_id // empty')"
[ -n "$SURFACE" ] || { printf '%s\n' 'browser open did not return a surface ref' >&2; exit 1; }
cmux browser --surface "$SURFACE" get url
cmux browser --surface "$SURFACE" wait --load-state complete --timeout-ms 15000
cmux browser --surface "$SURFACE" snapshot --interactive
cmux browser --surface "$SURFACE" fill e1 "hello"
cmux browser --surface "$SURFACE" click e2 --snapshot-after
cmux browser --surface "$SURFACE" snapshot --interactive

The open response contains the new surface ref; in a script, extract it from the JSON response instead of printing the full response. If get url is empty or about:blank, navigate first instead of waiting on load state. Re-snapshot after navigation, modal open/close, or any major DOM change because refs go stale.

Wait

cmux browser --surface "$SURFACE" wait --selector "#ready" --timeout-ms 10000
cmux browser --surface "$SURFACE" wait --text "Success" --timeout-ms 10000
cmux browser --surface "$SURFACE" wait --url-contains "/dashboard" --timeout-ms 10000
cmux browser --surface "$SURFACE" wait --load-state complete --timeout-ms 15000
cmux browser --surface "$SURFACE" wait --function "document.readyState === 'complete'" --timeout-ms 10000

Viewport sizing (WKWebView)

cmux browser --surface "$SURFACE" viewport <width> <height> sets an exact logical viewport from 1 to 4096 CSS pixels. The page is aspect-fitted inside its existing pane, so pane layout and focus stay unchanged, and screenshots use the requested logical dimensions. viewport reset returns to native pane sizing.

Close or detach the browser inspector first: its inspector-managed split layout cannot be combined with viewport emulation, and opening or redocking an attached inspector resets emulation to native sizing. Large viewport and page-zoom combinations are bounded; the command returns structured maximum_page_zoom details and leaves the viewport unchanged when the combination exceeds WKWebView render limits.

Limits (WKWebView)

Offline emulation, trace/screencast recording, network route interception/mocking, and low-level raw input injection return not_supported; they depend on Chrome/CDP-only APIs. Use click, fill, press, scroll, wait, and snapshot instead.

Troubleshooting js_error

Some complex pages reject the JavaScript behind snapshot --interactive and eval. Recover by checking whether the page actually navigated, then fall back to raw text or HTML:

cmux browser --surface "$SURFACE" get url
cmux browser --surface "$SURFACE" get text body
cmux browser --surface "$SURFACE" get html body

If it still fails, navigate to a simpler intermediate page and retry from there. If the CLI and this skill disagree, refresh help (cmux browser --help) and refresh the installed skill before continuing; do not invent an implicit target.

Skill distribution and refresh

The repository copies are the source of truth: .claude/skills/cmux-browser and .agents/skills/cmux-browser point at skills/cmux-browser. Do not edit a mirror by hand. The supported Vercel installer (pinned here to the reviewed skills 1.5.23 release) refreshes both global Claude Code and Codex discovery roots and copies the complete skill (including references and templates):

# From this checkout while developing the skill:
npx --yes skills@1.5.23 add . --global --yes --skill cmux-browser --agent claude-code codex --copy

# From the published repository after the change is merged:
npx --yes skills@1.5.23 add manaflow-ai/cmux --global --yes --skill cmux-browser --agent claude-code codex --copy

Restart an agent session after a refresh if it cached the previous document. The repository's skills.sh remains available for a Codex-only destination; pass its --dest explicitly when that is the installation path:

./skills.sh --dest "$HOME/.codex/skills" --skill cmux-browser

Never commit home-directory skill copies, credentials, cookies, or saved browser state.

Deep-dive references

Ready-to-use templates