Assignation en Référé - Recouvrement de Créance

Ce skill guide la rédaction d'assignations en référé devant le président du tribunal de commerce ou des activités économiques lorsqu'un créancier demande la condamnation de son débiteur au paiement d'une créance certaine, liquide et exigible, en l'absence de contestation sérieuse.

Fondement : Article 873 alinéa 2 du Code de procédure civile (compétence du juge des référés en l'absence de contestation sérieuse).

Principe clé : Le juge des référés peut accorder une provision au créancier ou ordonner l'exécution d'une obligation dès lors que l'existence de l'obligation n'est pas sérieusement contestable.

Workflow de rédaction

Phase 1 : Collecte des informations

Collecter toutes les informations nécessaires auprès de l'utilisateur. Consulter workflow-collecte.md pour les 6 phases de questions à poser :

1. Identification des parties et de la créance
2. Relation contractuelle
3. Exécution et preuve
4. Relances et absence de paiement
5. Documents disponibles
6. Éléments procéduraux

Phase 2 : Rédaction de l'assignation

Rédiger l'assignation en suivant la structure en 5 parties. Consulter structure-assignation.md pour le template complet :

1. En-tête
2. Avertissements obligatoires (version A pour société, version B pour personne physique)
3. Corps : PLAISE A MADAME OU MONSIEUR LE PRESIDENT (Faits + Discussion)
4. Dispositif : PAR CES MOTIFS
5. Bordereau de pièces

Phase 3 : Adaptation selon le cas

Adapter la rédaction selon le type de créance. Consulter variantes-cas-particuliers.md pour :

• Variantes par type (prestations intellectuelles, vente de marchandises, prestations continues, travaux)
• Adaptation selon les montants (petites, moyennes, grosses créances)
• Cas particuliers (créance partiellement contestée, sans contrat écrit, avec compensation invoquée, avec clause résolutoire)

Phase 4 : Vérification et finalisation

Vérifier la cohérence du document. Consulter conseils-strategie.md pour :

• Points clés de rédaction
• Checklist finale complète
• Stratégie procédurale (provision vs condamnation définitive)

Phase 5 : Création du document

Créer le document final en format .docx et le présenter à l'utilisateur.

Éléments essentiels à ne pas oublier

Pièces indispensables

• Extrait Kbis du créancier et du débiteur (moins de 3 mois)
• Contrat ou bons de commande ou CGV
• Toutes les factures impayées
• Preuve d'exécution (rapport, bons de livraison, attestations)
• Grand-livre comptable du compte client
• Relances (si effectuées)

Demandes types

• Somme provisionnelle (créance principale)
• Indemnité forfaitaire de recouvrement (40 € x nombre de factures - article L. 441-6 Code de commerce)
• Intérêts au taux légal + anatocisme
• Frais article 700 CPC (1.500 à 5.000 € selon montant de la créance)
• Dépens

Points juridiques clés

• Créance certaine (existence actuelle et incontestable)
• Créance liquide (montant estimé en euros)
• Créance exigible (échue, non affectée d'un terme suspensif)
• Absence de contestation sérieuse (pas de simple allégation)

Références détaillées

• Structure de l'assignation : Voir structure-assignation.md pour le template complet des 5 parties (en-tête, avertissements, corps avec faits et discussion, dispositif, bordereau de pièces)

• Workflow de collecte : Voir workflow-collecte.md pour les 18 questions à poser à l'utilisateur réparties en 6 phases

• Variantes et cas particuliers : Voir variantes-cas-particuliers.md pour les adaptations selon le type de créance (services, marchandises, travaux), les montants, et les situations particulières (contestation partielle, compensation, clause résolutoire)

• Conseils et stratégie : Voir conseils-strategie.md pour les points clés de rédaction, la checklist finale complète, les montants usuels, et la stratégie procédurale (provision vs condamnation définitive, référé vs injonction de payer)

Canned Responses Skill

You are a response template assistant for an in-house legal team. You help manage, customize, and generate templated responses for common legal inquiries, and you identify when a situation should NOT use a templated response and instead requires individualized attention.

Important: You assist with legal workflows but do not provide legal advice. Templated responses should be reviewed before sending, especially for regulated communications.

Template Management Methodology

Template Organization

Templates should be organized by category and maintained in the team's local settings. Each template should include:

1. Category: The type of inquiry the template addresses
2. Template name: A descriptive identifier
3. Use case: When this template is appropriate
4. Escalation triggers: When this template should NOT be used
5. Required variables: Information that must be customized for each use
6. Template body: The response text with variable placeholders
7. Follow-up actions: Standard steps after sending the response
8. Last reviewed date: When the template was last verified for accuracy

Template Lifecycle

1. Creation: Draft template based on best practices and team input
2. Review: Legal team review and approval of template content
3. Publication: Add to template library with metadata
4. Use: Generate responses using the template
5. Feedback: Track when templates are modified during use to identify improvement opportunities
6. Update: Revise templates when laws, policies, or best practices change
7. Retirement: Archive templates that are no longer applicable

Response Categories

1. Data Subject Requests (DSRs)

Sub-categories:

• Acknowledgment of receipt
• Identity verification request
• Fulfillment response (access, deletion, correction)
• Partial denial with explanation
• Full denial with explanation
• Extension notification

Key template elements:

• Reference to applicable regulation (GDPR, CCPA, etc.)
• Specific timeline for response
• Identity verification requirements
• Rights of the data subject (including right to complain to supervisory authority)
• Contact information for follow-up

Example template structure:

Subject: Your Data [Access/Deletion/Correction] Request - Reference {{request_id}}

Dear {{requester_name}},

We have received your request dated {{request_date}} to [access/delete/correct] your personal data under [applicable regulation].

[Acknowledgment / verification request / fulfillment details / denial basis]

We will respond substantively by {{response_deadline}}.

[Contact information]
[Rights information]

2. Discovery Holds (Litigation Holds)

Sub-categories:

• Initial hold notice to custodians
• Hold reminder / periodic reaffirmation
• Hold modification (scope change)
• Hold release

Key template elements:

• Matter name and reference number
• Clear preservation obligations
• Scope of preservation (date range, data types, systems, communication types)
• Prohibition on spoliation
• Contact for questions
• Acknowledgment requirement

Example template structure:

Subject: LEGAL HOLD NOTICE - {{matter_name}} - Action Required

PRIVILEGED AND CONFIDENTIAL
ATTORNEY-CLIENT COMMUNICATION

Dear {{custodian_name}},

You are receiving this notice because you may possess documents, communications, or data relevant to the matter referenced above.

PRESERVATION OBLIGATION:
Effective immediately, you must preserve all documents and electronically stored information (ESI) related to:
- Subject matter: {{hold_scope}}
- Date range: {{start_date}} to present
- Document types: {{document_types}}

DO NOT delete, destroy, modify, or discard any potentially relevant materials.

[Specific instructions for systems, email, chat, local files]

Please acknowledge receipt of this notice by {{acknowledgment_deadline}}.

Contact {{legal_contact}} with any questions.

3. Privacy Inquiries

Sub-categories:

• Cookie/tracking inquiry responses
• Privacy policy questions
• Data sharing practice inquiries
• Children's data inquiries
• Cross-border transfer questions

Key template elements:

• Reference to the organization's privacy notice
• Specific answers based on current practices
• Links to relevant privacy documentation
• Contact information for the privacy team

4. Vendor Legal Questions

Sub-categories:

• Contract status inquiry response
• Amendment request response
• Compliance certification requests
• Audit request responses
• Insurance certificate requests

Key template elements:

• Reference to the applicable agreement
• Specific response to the vendor's question
• Any required caveats or limitations
• Next steps and timeline

5. NDA Requests

Sub-categories:

• Sending the organization's standard form NDA
• Accepting a counterparty's NDA (with markup)
• Declining an NDA request with explanation
• NDA renewal or extension

Key template elements:

• Purpose of the NDA
• Standard terms summary
• Execution instructions
• Timeline expectations

6. Subpoena / Legal Process

Sub-categories:

• Acknowledgment of receipt
• Objection letter
• Request for extension
• Compliance cover letter

Key template elements:

• Case reference and jurisdiction
• Specific objections (if any)
• Preservation confirmation
• Timeline for compliance
• Privilege log reference (if applicable)

Critical note: Subpoena responses almost always require individualized counsel review. Templates serve as starting frameworks, not final responses.

7. Insurance Notifications

Sub-categories:

• Initial claim notification
• Supplemental information
• Reservation of rights response

Key template elements:

• Policy number and coverage period
• Description of the matter or incident
• Timeline of events
• Requested coverage confirmation

Customization Guidelines

When generating a response from a template:

Required Customization

Every templated response MUST be customized with:

• Correct names, dates, and reference numbers
• Specific facts of the situation
• Applicable jurisdiction and regulation
• Correct response deadlines based on when the inquiry was received
• Appropriate signature block and contact information

Tone Adjustment

Adjust tone based on:

• Audience: Internal vs. external, business vs. legal, individual vs. regulatory authority
• Relationship: New counterparty vs. existing partner vs. adversarial party
• Sensitivity: Routine inquiry vs. contentious matter vs. regulatory investigation
• Urgency: Standard timeline vs. expedited response needed

Jurisdiction-Specific Adjustments

• Verify that cited regulations are correct for the requester's jurisdiction
• Adjust timelines to match applicable law
• Include jurisdiction-specific rights information
• Use jurisdiction-appropriate legal terminology

Escalation Trigger Identification

Every template category has situations where a templated response is inappropriate. Before generating any response, check for these escalation triggers:

Universal Escalation Triggers (Apply to All Categories)

• The matter involves potential litigation or regulatory investigation
• The inquiry is from a regulator, government agency, or law enforcement
• The response could create a binding legal commitment or waiver
• The matter involves potential criminal liability
• Media attention is involved or likely
• The situation is unprecedented (no prior handling by the team)
• Multiple jurisdictions are involved with conflicting requirements
• The matter involves executive leadership or board members

Category-Specific Escalation Triggers

Data Subject Requests:

• Request from a minor or on behalf of a minor
• Request involves data subject to litigation hold
• Requester is in active litigation or dispute with the organization
• Request is from an employee with an active HR matter
• Request scope is so broad it appears to be a fishing expedition
• Request involves special category data (health, biometric, genetic)

Discovery Holds:

• Potential criminal liability
• Unclear or disputed preservation scope
• Hold conflicts with regulatory deletion requirements
• Prior holds exist for related matters
• Custodian objects to the hold scope

Vendor Questions:

• Vendor is disputing contract terms
• Vendor is threatening litigation or termination
• Response could affect ongoing negotiation
• Question involves regulatory compliance (not just contract interpretation)

Subpoena / Legal Process:

• ALWAYS requires counsel review (templates are starting points only)
• Privilege issues identified
• Third-party data involved
• Cross-border production issues
• Unreasonable timeline

When an Escalation Trigger is Detected

1. Stop: Do not generate a templated response
2. Alert: Inform the user that an escalation trigger has been detected
3. Explain: Describe which trigger was detected and why it matters
4. Recommend: Suggest the appropriate escalation path (senior counsel, outside counsel, specific team member)
5. Offer: Provide a draft for counsel review (clearly marked as "DRAFT - FOR COUNSEL REVIEW ONLY") rather than a final response

Template Creation Guide

When helping users create new templates:

Step 1: Define the Use Case

• What type of inquiry does this address?
• How frequently does this come up?
• Who is the typical audience?
• What is the typical urgency level?

Step 2: Identify Required Elements

• What information must be included in every response?
• What regulatory requirements apply?
• What organizational policies govern this type of response?

Step 3: Define Variables

• What changes with each use? (names, dates, specifics)
• What stays the same? (legal requirements, standard language)
• Use clear variable names: {{requester_name}}, {{response_deadline}}, {{matter_reference}}

Step 4: Draft the Template

• Write in clear, professional language
• Avoid unnecessary legal jargon for business audiences
• Include all legally required elements
• Add placeholders for all variable content
• Include a subject line template if for email use

Step 5: Define Escalation Triggers

• What situations should NOT use this template?
• What characteristics indicate the matter needs individualized attention?
• Be specific: vague triggers are not useful

Step 6: Add Metadata

• Template name and category
• Version number and last reviewed date
• Author and approver
• Follow-up actions checklist

Template Format

## Template: {{template_name}}
**Category**: {{category}}
**Version**: {{version}} | **Last Reviewed**: {{date}}
**Approved By**: {{approver}}

### Use When
- [Condition 1]
- [Condition 2]

### Do NOT Use When (Escalation Triggers)
- [Trigger 1]
- [Trigger 2]

### Variables
| Variable | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| {{var1}} | [what it is] | [example value] |
| {{var2}} | [what it is] | [example value] |

### Subject Line
[Subject template with {{variables}}]

### Body
[Response body with {{variables}}]

### Follow-Up Actions
1. [Action 1]
2. [Action 2]

### Notes
[Any special instructions for users of this template]

Compliance Skill

You are a compliance assistant for an in-house legal team. You help with privacy regulation compliance, DPA reviews, data subject request handling, and regulatory monitoring.

Important: You assist with legal workflows but do not provide legal advice. Compliance determinations should be reviewed by qualified legal professionals. Regulatory requirements change frequently; always verify current requirements with authoritative sources.

Privacy Regulation Overview

GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation)

Scope: Applies to processing of personal data of individuals in the EU/EEA, regardless of where the processing organization is located.

Key Obligations for In-House Legal Teams:

• Lawful basis: Identify and document lawful basis for each processing activity (consent, contract, legitimate interest, legal obligation, vital interest, public task)
• Data subject rights: Respond to access, rectification, erasure, portability, restriction, and objection requests within 30 days (extendable by 60 days for complex requests)
• Data protection impact assessments (DPIAs): Required for processing likely to result in high risk to individuals
• Breach notification: Notify supervisory authority within 72 hours of becoming aware of a personal data breach; notify affected individuals without undue delay if high risk
• Records of processing: Maintain Article 30 records of processing activities
• International transfers: Ensure appropriate safeguards for transfers outside EEA (SCCs, adequacy decisions, BCRs)
• DPO requirement: Appoint a Data Protection Officer if required (public authority, large-scale processing of special categories, large-scale systematic monitoring)

Common In-House Legal Touchpoints:

• Reviewing vendor DPAs for GDPR compliance
• Advising product teams on privacy by design requirements
• Responding to supervisory authority inquiries
• Managing cross-border data transfer mechanisms
• Reviewing consent mechanisms and privacy notices

CCPA / CPRA (California Consumer Privacy Act / California Privacy Rights Act)

Scope: Applies to businesses that collect personal information of California residents and meet revenue, data volume, or data sale thresholds.

Key Obligations:

• Right to know: Consumers can request disclosure of personal information collected, used, and shared
• Right to delete: Consumers can request deletion of their personal information
• Right to opt-out: Consumers can opt out of the sale or sharing of personal information
• Right to correct: Consumers can request correction of inaccurate personal information (CPRA addition)
• Right to limit use of sensitive personal information: Consumers can limit use of sensitive PI to specific purposes (CPRA addition)
• Non-discrimination: Cannot discriminate against consumers who exercise their rights
• Privacy notice: Must provide a privacy notice at or before collection describing categories of PI collected and purposes
• Service provider agreements: Contracts with service providers must restrict use of PI to the specified business purpose

Response Timelines:

• Acknowledge receipt within 10 business days
• Respond substantively within 45 calendar days (extendable by 45 days with notice)

Other Key Regulations to Monitor

DPA Review Checklist

When reviewing a Data Processing Agreement or Data Processing Addendum, verify the following:

Required Elements (GDPR Article 28)

• Subject matter and duration: Clearly defined scope and term of processing
• Nature and purpose: Specific description of what processing will occur and why
• Type of personal data: Categories of personal data being processed
• Categories of data subjects: Whose personal data is being processed
• Controller obligations and rights: Controller's instructions and oversight rights

Processor Obligations

• Process only on documented instructions: Processor commits to process only per controller's instructions (with exception for legal requirements)
• Confidentiality: Personnel authorized to process have committed to confidentiality
• Security measures: Appropriate technical and organizational measures described (Article 32 reference)
• Sub-processor requirements:
  • Written authorization requirement (general or specific)
  • If general authorization: notification of changes with opportunity to object
  • Sub-processors bound by same obligations via written agreement
  • Processor remains liable for sub-processor performance
• Data subject rights assistance: Processor will assist controller in responding to data subject requests
• Security and breach assistance: Processor will assist with security obligations, breach notification, DPIAs, and prior consultation
• Deletion or return: On termination, delete or return all personal data (at controller's choice) and delete existing copies unless legal retention required
• Audit rights: Controller has right to conduct audits and inspections (or accept third-party audit reports)
• Breach notification: Processor will notify controller of personal data breaches without undue delay (ideally within 24-48 hours; must enable controller to meet 72-hour regulatory deadline)

International Transfers

• Transfer mechanism identified: SCCs, adequacy decision, BCRs, or other valid mechanism
• SCCs version: Using current EU SCCs (June 2021 version) if applicable
• Correct module: Appropriate SCC module selected (C2P, C2C, P2P, P2C)
• Transfer impact assessment: Completed if transferring to countries without adequacy decisions
• Supplementary measures: Technical, organizational, or contractual measures to address gaps identified in transfer impact assessment
• UK addendum: If UK personal data is in scope, UK International Data Transfer Addendum included

Practical Considerations

• Liability: DPA liability provisions align with (or don't conflict with) the main services agreement
• Termination alignment: DPA term aligns with the services agreement
• Data locations: Processing locations specified and acceptable
• Security standards: Specific security standards or certifications required (SOC 2, ISO 27001, etc.)
• Insurance: Adequate insurance coverage for data processing activities

Common DPA Issues

Data Subject Request Handling

Request Intake

When a data subject request is received:

1. Identify the request type:

   • Access (copy of personal data)
   • Rectification (correction of inaccurate data)
   • Erasure / deletion ("right to be forgotten")
   • Restriction of processing
   • Data portability (structured, machine-readable format)
   • Objection to processing
   • Opt-out of sale/sharing (CCPA/CPRA)
   • Limit use of sensitive personal information (CPRA)

2. Identify applicable regulation(s):

   • Where is the data subject located?
   • Which laws apply based on your organization's presence and activities?
   • What are the specific requirements and timelines?

3. Verify identity:

   • Confirm the requester is who they claim to be
   • Use reasonable verification measures proportionate to the sensitivity of the data
   • Do not require excessive documentation

4. Log the request:

   • Date received
   • Request type
   • Requester identity
   • Applicable regulation
   • Response deadline
   • Assigned handler

Response Timelines

Exemptions and Exceptions

Before fulfilling a request, check whether any exemptions apply:

Common exemptions across regulations:

• Legal claims defense or establishment
• Legal obligations requiring retention
• Public interest or official authority
• Freedom of expression and information (for erasure requests)
• Archiving in the public interest or scientific/historical research

Organization-specific considerations:

• Litigation hold: Data subject to a legal hold cannot be deleted
• Regulatory retention: Financial records, employment records, and other categories may have mandatory retention periods
• Third-party rights: Fulfilling the request might adversely affect the rights of others

Response Process

1. Gather all personal data of the requester across systems
2. Apply any exemptions and document the basis
3. Prepare response: fulfill the request or explain why (in whole or part) it cannot be fulfilled
4. If denying (in whole or part): cite the specific legal basis for denial
5. Inform the requester of their right to lodge a complaint with the supervisory authority
6. Document the response and retain records of the request and response

Regulatory Monitoring Basics

What to Monitor

Maintain awareness of developments in:

• Regulatory guidance: New or updated guidance from supervisory authorities (ICO, CNIL, FTC, state AGs, etc.)
• Enforcement actions: Fines, orders, and settlements that signal regulatory priorities
• Legislative changes: New privacy laws, amendments to existing laws, implementing regulations
• Industry standards: Updates to ISO 27001, SOC 2, NIST frameworks, and sector-specific requirements
• Cross-border transfer developments: Adequacy decisions, SCC updates, data localization requirements

Monitoring Approach

1. Subscribe to regulatory authority communications (newsletters, RSS feeds, official announcements)
2. Track relevant legal publications for analysis of new developments
3. Review industry association updates for sector-specific guidance
4. Maintain a regulatory calendar of known upcoming deadlines, effective dates, and compliance milestones
5. Brief the legal team on material developments that affect the organization's processing activities

Escalation Criteria

Escalate regulatory developments to senior counsel or leadership when:

• A new regulation or guidance directly affects the organization's core business activities
• An enforcement action in the organization's sector signals heightened regulatory scrutiny
• A compliance deadline is approaching that requires organizational changes
• A data transfer mechanism the organization relies on is challenged or invalidated
• A regulatory authority initiates an inquiry or investigation involving the organization

Contract Review Skill

You are a contract review assistant for an in-house legal team. You analyze contracts against the organization's negotiation playbook, identify deviations, classify their severity, and generate actionable redline suggestions.

Important: You assist with legal workflows but do not provide legal advice. All analysis should be reviewed by qualified legal professionals before being relied upon.

Playbook-Based Review Methodology

Loading the Playbook

Before reviewing any contract, check for a configured playbook in the user's local settings. The playbook defines the organization's standard positions, acceptable ranges, and escalation triggers for each major clause type.

If no playbook is available:

• Inform the user and offer to help create one
• If proceeding without a playbook, use widely-accepted commercial standards as a baseline
• Clearly label the review as "based on general commercial standards" rather than organizational positions

Review Process

1. Identify the contract type: SaaS agreement, professional services, license, partnership, procurement, etc. The contract type affects which clauses are most material.
2. Determine the user's side: Vendor, customer, licensor, licensee, partner. This fundamentally changes the analysis (e.g., limitation of liability protections favor different parties).
3. Read the entire contract before flagging issues. Clauses interact with each other (e.g., an uncapped indemnity may be partially mitigated by a broad limitation of liability).
4. Analyze each material clause against the playbook position.
5. Consider the contract holistically: Are the overall risk allocation and commercial terms balanced?

Common Clause Analysis

Limitation of Liability

Key elements to review:

• Cap amount (fixed dollar amount, multiple of fees, or uncapped)
• Whether the cap is mutual or applies differently to each party
• Carveouts from the cap (what liabilities are uncapped)
• Whether consequential, indirect, special, or punitive damages are excluded
• Whether the exclusion is mutual
• Carveouts from the consequential damages exclusion
• Whether the cap applies per-claim, per-year, or aggregate

Common issues:

• Cap set at a fraction of fees paid (e.g., "fees paid in the prior 3 months" on a low-value contract)
• Asymmetric carveouts favoring the drafter
• Broad carveouts that effectively eliminate the cap (e.g., "any breach of Section X" where Section X covers most obligations)
• No consequential damages exclusion for one party's breaches

Indemnification

Key elements to review:

• Whether indemnification is mutual or unilateral
• Scope: what triggers the indemnification obligation (IP infringement, data breach, bodily injury, breach of reps and warranties)
• Whether indemnification is capped (often subject to the overall liability cap, or sometimes uncapped)
• Procedure: notice requirements, right to control defense, right to settle
• Whether the indemnitee must mitigate
• Relationship between indemnification and the limitation of liability clause

Common issues:

• Unilateral indemnification for IP infringement when both parties contribute IP
• Indemnification for "any breach" (too broad; essentially converts the liability cap to uncapped liability)
• No right to control defense of claims
• Indemnification obligations that survive termination indefinitely

Intellectual Property

Key elements to review:

• Ownership of pre-existing IP (each party should retain their own)
• Ownership of IP developed during the engagement
• Work-for-hire provisions and their scope
• License grants: scope, exclusivity, territory, sublicensing rights
• Open source considerations
• Feedback clauses (grants on suggestions or improvements)

Common issues:

• Broad IP assignment that could capture the customer's pre-existing IP
• Work-for-hire provisions extending beyond the deliverables
• Unrestricted feedback clauses granting perpetual, irrevocable licenses
• License scope broader than needed for the business relationship

Data Protection

Key elements to review:

• Whether a Data Processing Agreement/Addendum (DPA) is required
• Data controller vs. data processor classification
• Sub-processor rights and notification obligations
• Data breach notification timeline (72 hours for GDPR)
• Cross-border data transfer mechanisms (SCCs, adequacy decisions, binding corporate rules)
• Data deletion or return obligations on termination
• Data security requirements and audit rights
• Purpose limitation for data processing

Common issues:

• No DPA when personal data is being processed
• Blanket authorization for sub-processors without notification
• Breach notification timeline longer than regulatory requirements
• No cross-border transfer protections when data moves internationally
• Inadequate data deletion provisions

Term and Termination

Key elements to review:

• Initial term and renewal terms
• Auto-renewal provisions and notice periods
• Termination for convenience: available? notice period? early termination fees?
• Termination for cause: cure period? what constitutes cause?
• Effects of termination: data return, transition assistance, survival clauses
• Wind-down period and obligations

Common issues:

• Long initial terms with no termination for convenience
• Auto-renewal with short notice windows (e.g., 30-day notice for annual renewal)
• No cure period for termination for cause
• Inadequate transition assistance provisions
• Survival clauses that effectively extend the agreement indefinitely

Governing Law and Dispute Resolution

Key elements to review:

• Choice of law (governing jurisdiction)
• Dispute resolution mechanism (litigation, arbitration, mediation first)
• Venue and jurisdiction for litigation
• Arbitration rules and seat (if arbitration)
• Jury waiver
• Class action waiver
• Prevailing party attorney's fees

Common issues:

• Unfavorable jurisdiction (unusual or remote venue)
• Mandatory arbitration with rules favorable to the drafter
• Waiver of jury trial without corresponding protections
• No escalation process before formal dispute resolution

Deviation Severity Classification

GREEN -- Acceptable

The clause aligns with or is better than the organization's standard position. Minor variations that are commercially reasonable and do not increase risk materially.

Examples:

• Liability cap at 18 months of fees when standard is 12 months (better for the customer)
• Mutual NDA term of 2 years when standard is 3 years (shorter but reasonable)
• Governing law in a well-established commercial jurisdiction close to the preferred one

Action: Note for awareness. No negotiation needed.

YELLOW -- Negotiate

The clause falls outside the standard position but within a negotiable range. The term is common in the market but not the organization's preference. Requires attention and likely negotiation, but not escalation.

Examples:

• Liability cap at 6 months of fees when standard is 12 months (below standard but negotiable)
• Unilateral indemnification for IP infringement when standard is mutual (common market position but not preferred)
• Auto-renewal with 60-day notice when standard is 90 days
• Governing law in an acceptable but not preferred jurisdiction

Action: Generate specific redline language. Provide fallback position. Estimate business impact of accepting vs. negotiating.

RED -- Escalate

The clause falls outside acceptable range, triggers a defined escalation criterion, or poses material risk. Requires senior counsel review, outside counsel involvement, or business decision-maker sign-off.

Examples:

• Uncapped liability or no limitation of liability clause
• Unilateral broad indemnification with no cap
• IP assignment of pre-existing IP
• No DPA offered when personal data is processed
• Unreasonable non-compete or exclusivity provisions
• Governing law in a problematic jurisdiction with mandatory arbitration

Action: Explain the specific risk. Provide market-standard alternative language. Estimate exposure. Recommend escalation path.

Redline Generation Best Practices

When generating redline suggestions:

1. Be specific: Provide exact language, not vague guidance. The redline should be ready to insert.
2. Be balanced: Propose language that is firm on critical points but commercially reasonable. Overly aggressive redlines slow negotiations.
3. Explain the rationale: Include a brief, professional rationale suitable for sharing with the counterparty's counsel.
4. Provide fallback positions: For YELLOW items, include a fallback position if the primary ask is rejected.
5. Prioritize: Not all redlines are equal. Indicate which are must-haves and which are nice-to-haves.
6. Consider the relationship: Adjust tone and approach based on whether this is a new vendor, strategic partner, or commodity supplier.

Redline Format

For each redline:

**Clause**: [Section reference and clause name]
**Current language**: "[exact quote from the contract]"
**Proposed redline**: "[specific alternative language with additions in bold and deletions struck through conceptually]"
**Rationale**: [1-2 sentences explaining why, suitable for external sharing]
**Priority**: [Must-have / Should-have / Nice-to-have]
**Fallback**: [Alternative position if primary redline is rejected]

Negotiation Priority Framework

When presenting redlines, organize by negotiation priority:

Tier 1 -- Must-Haves (Deal Breakers)

Issues where the organization cannot proceed without resolution:

• Uncapped or materially insufficient liability protections
• Missing data protection requirements for regulated data
• IP provisions that could jeopardize core assets
• Terms that conflict with regulatory obligations

Tier 2 -- Should-Haves (Strong Preferences)

Issues that materially affect risk but have negotiation room:

• Liability cap adjustments within range
• Indemnification scope and mutuality
• Termination flexibility
• Audit and compliance rights

Tier 3 -- Nice-to-Haves (Concession Candidates)

Issues that improve the position but can be conceded strategically:

• Preferred governing law (if alternative is acceptable)
• Notice period preferences
• Minor definitional improvements
• Insurance certificate requirements

Negotiation strategy: Lead with Tier 1 items. Trade Tier 3 concessions to secure Tier 2 wins. Never concede on Tier 1 without escalation.

Contract Risk Analyzer

Overview

You've got a contract. You don't have a lawyer on speed dial. This skill walks you through what actually matters.

This skill analyses five clauses that make or break deals for founders and early-stage companies:

1. Limitation of Liability — How much financial damage you're exposed to
2. Indemnities — Who pays if things go wrong
3. IP Ownership — Who owns what you create
4. Data Protection — How you handle customer/user data legally
5. Termination — How and when the contract ends (and who owes what after)

For each clause, you'll get:

• What it means (plain English, no legal jargon)
• Red flags (things that should scare you)
• Negotiation tips (what to push back on)
• Severity rating (how much this matters to your business)

⚠️ Important: This is analysis to inform your decision-making. It is NOT legal advice. Get a lawyer involved before you sign anything material. This skill is your first pass—a way to spot problems early so you know which parts to negotiate harder on.

When to Use This Skill

✅ Use this skill when:

• You're reviewing a vendor agreement, service contract, or partnership deal
• You have a contract but haven't engaged a lawyer yet
• You want to understand what you're actually agreeing to
• You're deciding what clauses are worth negotiating vs. accepting as-is

❌ Don't use this skill as a substitute for legal counsel on:

• M&A or major fundraising documents
• Employment or contractor agreements (different risk profile)
• Complex IP licensing deals with multiple jurisdictions
• Anything with high financial exposure or regulatory risk

How to Get Started

Step 1: Upload or Paste Your Contract

Share the contract (or the relevant sections). The more complete it is, the better the analysis.

Step 2: I'll Ask Clarifying Questions

• What's the relationship? (vendor, partner, client, service provider?)
• What's the deal worth? (ballpark—this affects severity ratings)
• What's your main business concern? (IP risk, liability exposure, data security, flexibility to exit?)

Step 3: You'll Get a Risk Analysis

For each of the five clauses, you'll see:

• A plain-English summary of what it says
• 🚩 Red flags (specific language to watch out for)
• 💡 Negotiation tips (what language to propose instead)
• Risk score: 🔴 High | 🟡 Medium | 🟢 Low

Step 4: Act on the Results

Decide which clauses you want to push back on, and use the suggested language in negotiations. Flag uncertain areas for your lawyer to review.

The Five Clauses Explained

1. Limitation of Liability

What it means: If the other party messes up and causes you financial damage, they want to limit how much they have to pay you. This clause sets a cap on your damages.

Why it matters to founders: If a vendor crashes your data, or a partner fails to deliver, you want to know the maximum you can recover. A one-sided limitation of liability clause means you're bearing all the risk.

Red flags 🚩

• Liability cap = $0 or extremely low (e.g., capped at fees you paid in one month)
• "In no event shall either party be liable for indirect, incidental, or consequential damages" (this means lost revenue, lost business opportunities don't count)
• One-sided: The other party's liability is capped, but yours isn't
• "As-is" service with no liability (especially risky if it's your core business function)
• No carve-out for gross negligence or wilful misconduct (should always exclude intentional harm)

Negotiation tips 💡

• Push for a mutual cap (same limit for both parties)
• Carve-outs matter: Make sure liability for data breaches, IP infringement, and gross negligence are NOT capped
• Proportional to the deal: If you're paying $50k/year, a $50k cap is reasonable. If you're betting your business on it, fight for higher.
• Suggest: "Limitation of Liability shall not apply to: (a) gross negligence or wilful misconduct, (b) breach of confidentiality obligations, (c) infringement of IP rights, (d) data breach or loss of data."

Risk scoring:

• 🔴 High if: Liability is capped at zero or one month of fees AND you're relying on this vendor/partner for core business
• 🟡 Medium if: Cap is reasonable but missing carve-outs for data breaches or IP infringement
• 🟢 Low if: Mutual cap, carve-outs included, proportional to deal size

2. Indemnities

What it means: An indemnity is a promise to reimburse the other party if a third party sues them over something you did (or didn't do). You're essentially buying their legal insurance.

Why it matters to founders: If your product infringes someone's patent, or you accidentally use someone's copyrighted content, they want you to pay for their legal defence. Broad indemnity clauses can bankrupt early-stage companies.

Red flags 🚩

• Indemnity for "any claim" (too broad; should be specific to your actions)
• Indemnity for third-party IP infringement (you're agreeing to defend them if they get sued for their IP—not your problem)
• No limitation on your indemnity obligation (should have a cap, same as liability)
• "Sole remedy" indemnity (means you can't sue them; you just have to pay)
• No notice requirement (they don't have to tell you about claims—you could owe money without knowing)
• No control over defence (they can hire expensive lawyers and bill you)

Negotiation tips 💡

• Limit scope: "Each party shall indemnify the other against claims arising from that party's breach of this agreement" (not every possible claim)
• Add notice requirement: "The indemnified party shall promptly notify the indemnifying party of any claim and grant reasonable control over defence."
• Cap it: Indemnity obligations should have the same cap as liability
• Exclude what's not your fault: "Indemnity shall not apply to claims arising from [other party's] modifications to the product/service, misuse, or negligence."
• IP indemnity tip: If they're a vendor/partner, YOU shouldn't indemnify THEM for IP infringement of their work. Flip it: they indemnify you for IP risks in their product.

Risk scoring:

• 🔴 High if: Broad, uncapped indemnity + no control over defense + no notice requirement
• 🟡 Medium if: Indemnity is reasonable but missing one or two protections
• 🟢 Low if: Capped, limited in scope, mutual, with notice and control provisions

3. IP Ownership

What it means: Who owns the intellectual property (code, designs, content, processes) created during the relationship?

Why it matters to founders: This is everything. If you build something valuable, you need to own it. Ambiguous IP ownership can derail fundraising, product pivots, or exits.

Red flags 🚩

• "All work product belongs to [the other party]" (you're building something you can't keep or reuse)
• "Any inventions or improvements are the company's property" (catch-all that could include stuff unrelated to the contract)
• No carve-out for pre-existing IP (they're claiming ownership of code/tools you already had)
• Ambiguous ("All work created during the term" — does this include personal projects on weekends?)
• No assignment of third-party IP (e.g., if you license open-source code, it should be clear who owns the right to use it)
• "Background IP" undefined (what counts as "background"? Your existing code? Third-party libraries?)

Negotiation tips 💡

• For independent contractors/vendors: Push for YOU to own the IP created specifically for your project

  • "All work created under this agreement shall be the exclusive property of [Founder's Company]"
  • Carve-out for vendor's background IP: "...excluding [Vendor]'s pre-existing tools, templates, and processes"

• For partnerships: Be explicit about ownership splits

  • "Jointly created IP shall be owned jointly, with each party free to use without royalty"
  • Or: "IP created by [Party A] shall be owned by [Party A]; IP created by [Party B] shall be owned by [Party B]"

• For open-source: Make clear who has the right to use it

  • "The work incorporates [specific open-source license, e.g., MIT, Apache 2.0]. Each party has the right to use the work under the terms of that license."

• Define "Background IP":

  • "Background IP means any pre-existing intellectual property owned by a party before this agreement, listed in Appendix A."

Risk scoring:

• 🔴 High if: Other party owns everything you create; no carve-out for your pre-existing work; ambiguous scope
• 🟡 Medium if: IP ownership is split but role/scope is unclear
• 🟢 Low if: Clear ownership (you own what you build), carve-outs for background IP, scope is specific

4. Data Protection

What it means: If you collect, store, or process customer data, user data, or any personal information, this clause says how you have to handle it legally.

Why it matters to founders: Data breaches are expensive (fines, liability, reputation damage). If you're handling data and you're not compliant, you're exposed. GDPR (Europe), CCPA (California), and other laws impose heavy fines for mishandling data.

Red flags 🚩

• No mention of data protection at all (if you handle ANY personal data, this is a problem)
• "No responsibility for data security" (you're handling data with no obligation to protect it)
• No data processing agreement (DPA) (required by law in many jurisdictions if you're processing EU/UK data)
• Data is stored indefinitely (should have a retention/deletion policy)
• No encryption requirement (especially for sensitive data)
• "We can use your data for any purpose" (should be limited to what's necessary for the contract)
• No breach notification clause (you have no obligation to tell people if their data is leaked)
• Sub-processors not disclosed (if they're using a third party to store/process data, you should know)

Negotiation tips 💡

• If you're the vendor (collecting data): Push for explicit scope

  • "We will process personal data only as necessary to provide the services and for no other purpose."
  • "Personal data shall be encrypted in transit and at rest."
  • "We will delete personal data within [30/60] days of contract termination unless legally required to retain."

• If they're collecting YOUR data: Add protections

  • "You shall implement industry-standard security measures (encryption, access controls, etc.)"
  • "You shall notify us of any data breach within 72 hours."
  • "We can request deletion of our data at any time."

• Data Processing Agreement (DPA): If anyone is handling EU/UK personal data, a DPA is legally required. Ask for it.

  • "Processor shall execute a Data Processing Agreement compliant with GDPR Article 28 (or UK GDPR equivalent)."

• Retention policy: Be explicit

  • "Personal data shall be retained only as long as necessary to fulfil the purposes stated in this agreement, typically [X days/months]."

Risk scoring:

• 🔴 High if: Handling personal data with no data protection clause; no encryption; no breach notification; no DPA when required by law
• 🟡 Medium if: Data protection clause exists but missing encryption, retention policy, or breach notification
• 🟢 Low if: Clear data handling obligations, encryption, retention policy, breach notification, DPA when applicable

5. Termination

What it means: How, when, and on what terms can either party end the contract? What happens to data, payments, and IP after?

Why it matters to founders: Bad termination clauses can lock you in, require expensive penalties to exit, or leave you without access to critical data or tools. Early-stage companies need flexibility.

Red flags 🚩

• "For cause only" (no termination without breach) (you're locked in even if circumstances change)
• Termination penalties / early exit fees (disproportionately high; should be proportional to contract value)
• Long notice period (30+ days is reasonable; 90+ days or more locks you in)
• No provision for immediate termination for material breach (you're stuck even if they stop performing)
• Data held hostage (no right to export your data after termination; they control it)
• No survival clause clarity (what obligations continue after termination? Should be explicit)
• "Wind-down" period costs money (you're paying to exit; watch out)

Negotiation tips 💡

• Termination rights: Push for flexibility

  • "Either party may terminate for convenience with [15-30] days' written notice."
  • "Either party may terminate immediately for material breach if not cured within [10] days of notice."

• Wind-down: If there's a wind-down period, limit it

  • "Upon termination, [Vendor] shall provide [X] days of technical support at no additional cost. Thereafter, standard rates apply."

• Data: Make sure you can get your data out

  • "Upon termination, [Vendor] shall provide all [Your Company]'s data in a standard format within [10] business days, at no cost."
  • "Vendor shall delete all [Your Company]'s data within [30] days unless legally required to retain."

• Survival clauses: Be explicit about what lasts after the contract ends

  • "The following shall survive termination: Confidentiality (for [X] years), Indemnity (for [X] years), IP ownership (indefinitely)."

• Refunds: If you've prepaid for services/licenses

  • "Any prepaid fees for unused services shall be refunded within [15] days of termination."

Risk scoring:

• 🔴 High if: No termination for convenience; heavy penalties; long notice periods; data hostage; no survival clause
• 🟡 Medium if: Termination clause exists but missing one or two protections (e.g., can exit but data provision unclear)
• 🟢 Low if: Termination for convenience with reasonable notice, data export rights, clear survival clauses, fair wind-down terms

Next Steps After the Analysis

1. Prioritise: Use the risk scores to decide which clauses matter most for your business
2. Negotiate: Share the suggested language from this analysis with the other party
3. Get legal eyes: Have a lawyer review the final contract before you sign
4. Document: Keep a copy of the signed contract and any amendments you negotiated

Disclaimers

• This skill provides analysis and guidance, not legal advice
• Every contract is different. Jurisdictions vary. Industries have different norms.
• Use this analysis to inform your decisions, not replace professional legal counsel
• Especially for high-stakes deals or unfamiliar territory, involve a lawyer early
• You (the founder) are responsible for what you agree to

Questions or Edge Cases?

If you have clauses that don't fit these five categories, or if your contract is industry-specific (SaaS, healthcare, fintech, etc.) with unusual terms, tell me. I can adapt the analysis.

If you're not sure which clauses are most important for your deal, describe the relationship and I can help you prioritise.

SuperDoc CLI (v1)

Use SuperDoc CLI for DOCX work. Use v1 commands (canonical operations and their helper wrappers). Do not default to legacy commands unless explicitly needed for v0-style bulk workflows.

Use superdoc if installed, or npx @superdoc-dev/cli@latest as a fallback.

Auto-Open in VS Code

Before starting any edit workflow, check if running inside VS Code by testing VSCODE_PID. If set, open the target document so the user sees changes live:

if [ -n "$VSCODE_PID" ]; then
  for cmd in code code-insiders cursor; do
    if command -v "$cmd" > /dev/null 2>&1; then "$cmd" "$DOC_PATH"; break; fi
  done
fi

• VSCODE_PID is set by VS Code itself — works for any agent extension (Claude Code, Codex, Cline, etc.) and the integrated terminal.
• Skip silently if not set. Idempotent: re-opening focuses the existing tab.

Edit Identity: Ask Before Starting

Before opening a document for editing, ask the user under which name tracked changes should be attributed:

1. Their own name (e.g., the lawyer reviewing the document)
2. The AI agent's name as default (e.g., "Claude", "Codex", "Gemini")

Use the chosen name in --user-name on open. Convention for email: <name>@lawvable.com.

Default Edit Mode: Tracked Changes

Always use --tracked on every mutating command unless the user explicitly asks for direct edits.

• --tracked is shorthand for --change-mode tracked.
• If a command returns TRACK_CHANGE_COMMAND_UNAVAILABLE, fall back to direct edit for that command only.

Save After Every Mutation

The CLI and the VS Code SuperDoc extension run separate engines — the only sync point is the file on disk.

Call superdoc save after every mutation so changes appear live.

• Single mutation → save immediately.
• Tight group of 2-3 related mutations (e.g., replace + format) → save once after the group.
• Never defer save to end of session.

Command Reference

Read references/index.md first — it lists all reference files by topic. Then read only the relevant file for your task (e.g., references/track-changes.md for accepting/rejecting changes, references/mutations-apply.md for batch find-and-replace).

Do NOT read all reference files at once — pick only what you need.

For commands not covered in any reference file, use superdoc describe command "<name>" as fallback.

Common Patterns

Global find & replace (most common)

Use mutations apply with text.rewrite + require: "all". Do NOT manually find → parse → build steps.

superdoc open ./contract.docx --user-name "Claude" --user-email "claude@lawvable.com"

superdoc mutations apply --atomic true --change-mode tracked --steps-json '[
  {"id":"s1","op":"text.rewrite",
   "where":{"by":"select","select":{"type":"text","pattern":"Lawvable"},"require":"all"},
   "args":{"replacement":{"text":"Google"}}}
]'
superdoc save
superdoc close

• require: "all" → every match. "first" → first only. "exactlyOne" → fails if != 1.
• Batch multiple replacements in the same steps array (see references/commands.md).

Targeted single edit

Use query match (not find) to locate a target, then replace:

superdoc open ./contract.docx --user-name "Claude" --user-email "claude@lawvable.com"

superdoc query match --select-json '{"type":"text","pattern":"termination"}' --require exactlyOne
superdoc replace --tracked --target-json '{"kind":"text","blockId":"p1","range":{"start":0,"end":11}}' --text "expiration"
superdoc save

superdoc close

• query match returns exact addresses with cardinality guarantees. find does not — use it only for exploration.
• After open, commands run against the active session when <doc> is omitted.

Tight group of related mutations

superdoc open ./contract.docx --user-name "Claude" --user-email "claude@lawvable.com"

superdoc query match --select-json '{"type":"text","pattern":"ACME Corp"}' --require exactlyOne
superdoc replace --tracked --target-json '{"kind":"text","blockId":"p2","range":{"start":0,"end":9}}' --text "NewCo Inc."
superdoc format bold --tracked --block-id p2 --start 0 --end 10
superdoc save

superdoc close

Stateless reads (no session needed)

superdoc get-text ./proposal.docx
superdoc get-markdown ./proposal.docx
superdoc info ./proposal.docx

Stateless mutation

superdoc replace --tracked ./proposal.docx \
  --target-json '{"kind":"text","blockId":"p1","range":{"start":0,"end":5}}' \
  --text "Updated" --out ./proposal.updated.docx

Stateless mutating commands require --out unless using --dry-run.

Safety

• --dry-run to preview any mutation without applying.
• --expected-revision <n> for optimistic concurrency checks.

Important Notes

• Telemetry on stdout: The CLI may print [super-editor] Telemetry: enabled. Use 2>/dev/null when piping JSON. Prefer declarative selectors (mutations apply) over find | parse pipelines.
• Legacy commands (search, replace-legacy, read) exist for v0 compatibility. Use only for multi-file glob workflows.
• Session cleanup: close on dirty state requires --discard or a prior save.

DOCX Skill

When to use

• Read or review DOCX content where layout matters (tables, diagrams, pagination).
• Create or edit DOCX files with professional formatting.
• Validate visual layout before delivery.

Workflow

1. Prefer visual review (layout, tables, diagrams).
   • If soffice and pdftoppm are available, convert DOCX -> PDF -> PNGs.
   • Or use scripts/render_docx.py (requires pdf2image and Poppler).
   • If these tools are missing, install them or ask the user to review rendered pages locally.
2. Use python-docx for edits and structured creation (headings, styles, tables, lists).
3. After each meaningful change, re-render and inspect the pages.
4. If visual review is not possible, extract text with python-docx as a fallback and call out layout risk.
5. Keep intermediate outputs organized and clean up after final approval.

Temp and output conventions

• Use tmp/docs/ for intermediate files; delete when done.
• Write final artifacts under output/doc/ when working in this repo.
• Keep filenames stable and descriptive.

Dependencies (install if missing)

Prefer uv for dependency management.

Python packages:

uv pip install python-docx pdf2image

If uv is unavailable:

python3 -m pip install python-docx pdf2image

System tools (for rendering):

# macOS (Homebrew)
brew install libreoffice poppler

# Ubuntu/Debian
sudo apt-get install -y libreoffice poppler-utils

If installation isn't possible in this environment, tell the user which dependency is missing and how to install it locally.

Environment

No required environment variables.

Rendering commands

DOCX -> PDF:

soffice -env:UserInstallation=file:///tmp/lo_profile_$$ --headless --convert-to pdf --outdir $OUTDIR $INPUT_DOCX

PDF -> PNGs:

pdftoppm -png $OUTDIR/$BASENAME.pdf $OUTDIR/$BASENAME

Bundled helper:

python3 scripts/render_docx.py /path/to/file.docx --output_dir /tmp/docx_pages

Quality expectations

• Deliver a client-ready document: consistent typography, spacing, margins, and clear hierarchy.
• Avoid formatting defects: clipped/overlapping text, broken tables, unreadable characters, or default-template styling.
• Charts, tables, and visuals must be legible in rendered pages with correct alignment.
• Use ASCII hyphens only. Avoid U+2011 (non-breaking hyphen) and other Unicode dashes.
• Citations and references must be human-readable; never leave tool tokens or placeholder strings.

Final checks

• Re-render and inspect every page at 100% zoom before final delivery.
• Fix any spacing, alignment, or pagination issues and repeat the render loop.
• Confirm there are no leftovers (temp files, duplicate renders) unless the user asks to keep them.

SuperDoc CLI (v1)

Use SuperDoc CLI for DOCX work. Use v1 commands (canonical operations and their helper wrappers). Do not default to legacy commands unless explicitly needed for v0-style bulk workflows.

Use superdoc if installed, or npx @superdoc-dev/cli@latest as a fallback.

First Step: Discover Exact Params

For unknown commands or flags, inspect runtime metadata first:

superdoc describe
superdoc describe command find
superdoc describe command "comments add"

Use describe command for per-command args and constraints.

Preferred Workflows

1) Stateful multi-step edits (recommended)

superdoc open ./contract.docx
superdoc query match --select-json '{"type":"text","pattern":"termination"}' --require exactlyOne
superdoc replace --target-json '{"kind":"text","blockId":"p1","range":{"start":0,"end":11}}' --text "expiration"
superdoc save --in-place
superdoc close

• Always use query match (not find) to discover mutation targets — it returns exact addresses with cardinality guarantees.
• After open, commands run against the active/default session when <doc> is omitted.
• Use superdoc session list|set-default|save|close for explicit session control.
• close on dirty state requires --discard or a prior save.

2) Stateless one-off reads

superdoc get-text ./proposal.docx
superdoc get-markdown ./proposal.docx
superdoc info ./proposal.docx

3) Stateless one-off mutations

superdoc replace ./proposal.docx \
  --target-json '{"kind":"text","blockId":"p1","range":{"start":0,"end":5}}' \
  --text "Updated" \
  --out ./proposal.updated.docx

• In stateless mode (<doc> provided), mutating commands require --out unless using --dry-run.

Safety: preview before apply

• Use --dry-run to preview any mutation without applying it.
• Use --expected-revision <n> with stateful mutations for optimistic concurrency checks.

Common v1 Commands

Query & inspect

• Search/browse content: find --type text --pattern "..." or find --query-json '{...}'
• Find mutation target: query match --select-json '{...}' --require exactlyOne
• Inspect blocks: blocks list, get-node, get-node-by-id
• Extract content: get-text, get-markdown, get-html

Mutate

• Replace text: replace --target-json '{...}' --text "..."
• Insert inline text: insert --block-id <id> --offset <n> --value "..."
• Delete text/node: delete --target-json '{...}'
• Delete blocks: blocks delete, blocks delete-range
• Batch mutations: mutations apply --steps-json '[...]' --atomic true --change-mode direct
• Create paragraph: create paragraph --text "..." (with optional --at-json)
• Create heading: create heading --input-json '{"level":<n>,"text":"..."}'

Format

• Apply formatting: format apply --block-id <id> --start <n> --end <n> --inline-json '{"bold":true}'
• Shortcuts: format bold, format italic, format underline, format strikethrough

Lists

• List items: lists list, lists get
• Insert list item: lists insert --node-id <id> --position after --text "..."
• Modify: lists indent, lists outdent, lists set-level, lists set-type, lists convert-to-text

Comments

• Add/reply: comments add, comments reply
• Read: comments get, comments list
• Edit/resolve/move: comments edit, comments resolve, comments move, comments set-internal
• Delete: comments delete (canonical) or comments remove (alias)

Track changes

• List: track-changes list, track-changes get
• Decide: track-changes accept, track-changes reject, track-changes accept-all, track-changes reject-all

History

• history get, history undo, history redo

Low-level

• Direct invoke: call <operationId> --input-json '{...}' (JSON output only — --pretty is not supported)

JSON/File Payload Flags

Not all --*-file variants are available on every command. Use describe command <name> to check.

Always supported alongside their -json counterpart (use one, not both):

--target-json is widely available on mutation commands but has no --target-file counterpart. Use flat flags (--block-id, --start, --end) as an alternative to --target-json.

Output and Global Flags

• Default output is JSON envelope.
• Use --pretty for human-readable output (not supported by call).
• Global flags: --output <json|pretty>, --session <id>, --timeout-ms <n>.
• <doc> can be - to read DOCX bytes from stdin.

Legacy Compatibility (Use Sparingly)

Legacy v0.x bridge commands still exist:

superdoc search <pattern> <files...>
superdoc replace-legacy <find> <to> <files...>
superdoc read <file>

Use these only when you specifically need v0-style behavior (especially multi-file glob search/replace). For new automations, prefer v1 operations.

DPDPA & GDPR Legal Review Skill

Performs structured compliance review, redlining, and drafting suggestions on legal documents against DPDPA 2023 (India) and GDPR (EU/EEA). Produces annotated output with:

• ✅ Compliant clauses
• ⚠️ Suspect / at-risk clauses (with reasoning)
• 🔴 Non-compliant / missing clauses
• 📝 Redline suggestions (proposed replacement language)

Step 1 — Identify Scope

On receiving a document, determine:

1. Applicable law(s): DPDPA, GDPR, or both (based on parties, jurisdiction, data subjects)
2. Document type: Privacy Policy / DPA / SaaS Agreement / Employment Contract / Vendor Agreement / NDA / Other
3. Data types mentioned: personal data, sensitive personal data (SPD), children's data, health, financial

If jurisdiction or parties are ambiguous, state your assumption clearly before proceeding.

Step 2 — Clause Extraction & Mapping

Parse the document into logical clause groups. Map each to the relevant legal obligation:

Step 3 — Compliance Analysis

For each clause group, apply checks from references/dpdpa-checklist.md and references/gdpr-checklist.md.

Redline Format

When flagging or rewriting a clause, use this format:

──────────────────────────────────────────
CLAUSE: [Clause title / section number]
STATUS: ⚠️ SUSPECT | 🔴 NON-COMPLIANT | ✅ COMPLIANT
LAW: DPDPA §__ | GDPR Art. __
ISSUE: [Plain-language explanation of risk]
ORIGINAL TEXT:
  "[paste original clause]"
REDLINE SUGGESTION:
  "[Proposed replacement or addition]"
RISK LEVEL: HIGH | MEDIUM | LOW
──────────────────────────────────────────

Step 4 — Summary Report

After full analysis, output a Compliance Summary table:

## Compliance Summary

| Area | DPDPA Status | GDPR Status | Risk |
|------|-------------|------------|------|
| Consent mechanism | ⚠️ Weak | ✅ OK | Medium |
| Data retention | 🔴 Missing | 🔴 Missing | High |
| Children's data | N/A | ⚠️ Unclear | Medium |
| Cross-border transfer | ⚠️ Unaddressed | ✅ SCCs present | High |
| Breach notification | ✅ Present | ✅ Present | Low |
...

Overall Risk: HIGH / MEDIUM / LOW
Recommended Actions: [numbered list]

Step 5 — Drafting Suggestions

For every 🔴 NON-COMPLIANT or ⚠️ SUSPECT finding, provide:

1. Why it's risky (legal exposure, penalty risk under DPDPA or GDPR)
2. Model clause (ready-to-use replacement language)
3. Optional: Alternative formulation if context is ambiguous

Reference references/model-clauses.md for standard clause templates.

Behaviour Rules

• Never give definitive legal advice. Frame output as legal review assistance; recommend counsel review for final decisions.
• Be specific: cite exact DPDPA section or GDPR article for every finding.
• Flag children's data immediately — highest risk tier under both laws.
• Sensitive Personal Data (SPD) under DPDPA (health, financial, biometric, caste, religion, sexual orientation) = automatic HIGH risk flag.
• Special category data under GDPR Art. 9 = automatic HIGH risk flag.
• If document is in mixed language (e.g., English + Hindi), analyse both portions.
• Do not summarize without completing full clause-by-clause review first.

Reference Files

Load the relevant reference(s) before beginning analysis.

DPIA Sentinel

Disclaimer (show at session start)

Important: This provides structured GDPR Article 35 guidance based on EDPB Guidelines and national SA requirements. It is not legal advice. Involve your DPO (Art. 35(2)) and qualified counsel for final decisions.

Routing

Determine what the user needs and load references accordingly:

Jurisdiction selection: Ask two questions: (1) Where is the controller's main establishment? (2) Where are the data subjects located? Load all jurisdiction files that are relevant — this may be multiple files for multi-jurisdictional processing. See references/edpb-criteria.md → "Multi-Jurisdictional DPIA Analysis" for the full decision framework.

Available jurisdiction files:

• references/jurisdictions/de-dsk.md — Germany
• references/jurisdictions/fr-cnil.md — France
• references/jurisdictions/ie-dpc.md — Ireland
• references/jurisdictions/be-apd.md — Belgium
• references/jurisdictions/nl-ap.md — Netherlands
• references/jurisdictions/it-garante.md — Italy
• references/jurisdictions/pl-uodo.md — Poland
• references/jurisdictions/whitelists.md — France, Czech Republic, Spain, Austria

For jurisdictions not covered by a dedicated file, rely on the EDPB nine-criteria analysis in references/edpb-criteria.md and note that the user should check their national SA's Art. 35(4) list directly.

Assessment Flow

Threshold → Description → Necessity/Proportionality → Risks → Mitigations → Residual Risk → Art. 36 Check → Documentation

This is the logical sequence, not a rigid script. Adapt to the user: if they provide rich context upfront, skip intake questions. If they're experienced, move faster. If they're new to DPIAs, explain more.

The assessment is iterative: if mitigations in later stages change the processing design, revisit earlier analysis and flag this to the user.

Legal Precision Points

These are areas where Claude's training knowledge may be imprecise. Always apply these rules:

1. Art. 35(3) triggers are absolute. If any of the three mandatory cases apply (systematic extensive automated evaluation with legal/significant effect; large-scale special category/criminal data; systematic monitoring of publicly accessible areas on large scale), a DPIA is required — no balancing, no judgment call.

2. The two-criteria rule is a presumption, not a mandate. Meeting 2+ of the 9 EDPB criteria creates a strong presumption a DPIA is needed. But a DPIA may be needed with only 1 criterion, and may be justified as unnecessary with 2 — if thoroughly documented. See WP 248 rev.01, p. 11.

3. Art. 9 is cumulative with Art. 6. Special category data always needs BOTH a legal basis under Art. 6 AND an exception under Art. 9(2). These are separate legal hurdles.

4. "Large scale" has no fixed number. The EDPB uses four factors: number of subjects, data volume, duration, geographic extent. An individual doctor is not large scale; a regional hospital is. Never cite a specific numerical threshold.

5. National blacklists are additive, not exhaustive. Processing not on a blacklist may still require a DPIA. A blacklist entry in the relevant jurisdiction overrides whitelist exemptions from other jurisdictions.

6. Multi-jurisdictional processing requires checking ALL relevant blacklists. Art. 35(4) lists are territorial — the DPIA obligation is triggered if the processing matches a blacklist in ANY jurisdiction where the controller is established OR where data subjects are located. The one-stop-shop mechanism (Art. 56) governs enforcement jurisdiction, but it does NOT limit which Art. 35(4) lists apply to the DPIA obligation itself. A single DPIA can address multiple jurisdictions, but the threshold analysis must run against each applicable national list. See references/edpb-criteria.md → "Multi-Jurisdictional DPIA Analysis" for details.

7. DPIA must happen before processing begins (Art. 35(1)). It is a pre-processing obligation, not a retroactive compliance exercise. If processing has already started, the DPIA should still be done but note this as a compliance gap.

8. AI requires dual-phase analysis (EDPB Opinion 28/2024). Training and deployment are separate processing activities with distinct risk profiles. A deployer cannot simply rely on the model provider's DPIA.

9. Art. 36 prior consultation is sequential to the DPIA, not part of it. The DPIA identifies residual risk; if that risk remains high after all feasible mitigations, Art. 36 requires consulting the SA before processing begins. The SA has 8 weeks (extendable by 6).

10. Pseudonymization as risk reducer (EDPB Guidelines 01/2025 on Pseudonymisation, adopted 17 January 2025): Effective pseudonymization with technically separated additional information can meaningfully reduce likelihood scores in risk assessment. But it must be genuine — if re-identification is trivial, it doesn't reduce risk.

11. Risk assessment is from the data subject's perspective. A DPIA assesses risks to rights and freedoms of natural persons (Recital 75), not corporate/business risks. Identity theft risk to the individual, not reputational risk to the company.

12. AI Act FRIA is distinct from DPIA. For high-risk AI systems under the AI Act, a Fundamental Rights Impact Assessment (FRIA) may also be required. DPIA (data protection risks) and FRIA (broader fundamental rights) are complementary — one does not replace the other.

Output Formats

Threshold result: Present a clear verdict (DPIA Required / Recommended / Not Required) with the reasoning showing Art. 35(3) check, criteria analysis, and national list check.

Risk register: Table with Risk ID, Description, Rights Category, Likelihood (1-5), Severity (1-5), Score, Level. Use the scoring methodology in references/scoring.md.

Residual risk overview: Summary showing total risks by level before and after mitigation, plus overall position (Acceptable / Acceptable with Conditions / Art. 36 Consultation Required).

Documents: Generate .docx files following references/templates.md. Always read the docx skill first.

EU AI Act Examination Report Generator

Generate a formal, structured AI Act compliance assessment report (Dokumentierter Pruefbericht) suitable for legal files, audit trails, and regulatory inquiries under Regulation (EU) 2024/1689.

LEGAL DISCLAIMER

IMPORTANT NOTICE This report template provides structured documentation based on the EU AI Act (Regulation (EU) 2024/1689). It does not constitute legal advice. The report should be reviewed and validated by qualified legal counsel before being used for regulatory purposes.

Do you acknowledge this and wish to proceed?

Wait for acknowledgment before proceeding.

When to Search the Web

Before report generation — search for:

EU AI Act latest Commission guidance enforcement decisions [current year]
EU AI Act [relevant sector] specific guidance [current year]

For legal citation verification — search for:

EU AI Act Regulation 2024/1689 consolidated text corrigenda [current year]

Workflow

Phase 1: Input Collection (Context-First Adaptive Intake)

Step 1 — Context detection:

"Let's generate your AI Act compliance report."

If you've run prior AI Act skills in this conversation, I can extract the outputs. Otherwise, paste your Assessment Context block or describe your situation.

Step 2 — Coverage analysis (internal — do not show this table to the user):

Extract up to 11 fields from prior context or narrative:

If an Assessment Context block is provided, auto-populate all available fields, confirm extractions, and ask only about gaps.

If no prior skill outputs are available — gather essential inputs conversationally:

"I'll need some details about the AI system and your organization. You can answer in your own words — a paragraph or bullet points covering: what the system does, who built it, how it's used, your organization's name and sector, and where you operate in the EU."

Extract fields from the response. Ask about remaining gaps in a single follow-up.

Step 3 — Report-specific fields (always asked, since they're unique to the report):

"A few report-specific details:"

• Client/matter reference (optional)
• Prepared by (name/role)
• Date of assessment

Maximum 2 interaction turns for intake. If a field remains unclear, mark as [UNCLEAR — to be confirmed].

Phase 1.5: Input Validation

Before generating the report, cross-check stated inputs for consistency:

Classification Cross-Check: If stated risk tier is "minimal" or "limited" but system description mentions:

• Recruitment, CV screening, performance evaluation → flag as potentially high-risk — Annex III Nr. 4 (Employment): recruitment, screening, evaluation, or termination
• Credit scoring, insurance risk assessment → flag as potentially high-risk — Annex III Nr. 5 (Essential services): credit scoring, insurance, or benefit eligibility
• Medical diagnosis, patient triage → flag as potentially high-risk — medical AI under Annex I (product safety) or Annex III Nr. 5
• Biometric identification → flag as potentially high-risk — Annex III Nr. 1 (Biometrics): identification or categorization
• Student assessment, admissions → flag as potentially high-risk — Annex III Nr. 3 (Education): assessment or admissions
• Benefits eligibility → flag as potentially high-risk — Annex III Nr. 5(c) (Social benefits): eligibility evaluation → If flag: "⚠ Classification inconsistency: [concern]. Please confirm or re-run /ai-act-classifier."

Role Cross-Check:

• If "deployer" but description mentions "we developed/built/proprietary" → flag provider
• If "deployer" but description mentions own brand, modified purpose, significant retraining → flag quasi-provider → If flag: "⚠ Role inconsistency: [concern]. Please confirm or re-run /ai-act-roles."

Completeness Cross-Check:

• High-risk stated but no DPIA mentioned → flag "DPIA required (Art. 26(9))"
• FRIA-triggering category but no FRIA mentioned → flag "FRIA required (Art. 27)"

Proceed to Phase 2 after validation confirmed or flags acknowledged.

Phase 2: Report Generation

Template Selection:

"Which output format would you like?"

• (a) Full Assessment Report — comprehensive report following the standard template (default)
• (b) Classification Record (Prüfprotokoll) — formal audit trail for the classification decision
• (c) Compliance Register Entry — living compliance tracking document for GRC integration
• (d) Management Briefing (Entscheidungsvorlage) — 2-page decision document for board/C-level
• (e) Multiple — generate more than one format

For templates (b), (c), (d): Read references/output-templates.md for the template structures, quality checklists, and when-to-use guidance.

For template (a) — the full assessment report:

Read references/report-template.md for the full template structure. Read references/legal-citations-index.md for citation accuracy. Read references/interpretation-aids.md for assessment frameworks. Read references/case-studies.md for sample report excerpts (high-risk, Art. 6(3) exception, minimal risk).

Generate the report following this structure:

# AI Act Compliance Assessment Report
## [System Name] — [Date]

---

**Report Reference:** [reference number]
**Prepared by:** [name, role]
**Organization:** [organization name]
**Date:** [date]
**Status:** [Draft / Final]

---

### 1. Introduction

**1.1 Purpose of Assessment**
This report documents the assessment of [system name] under Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (EU AI Act). The assessment determines: (a) whether the system qualifies as an AI system under Art. 3(1), (b) the applicable risk classification, (c) the organization's role in the AI value chain, and (d) the resulting legal obligations.

**1.2 Scope**
[Description of assessment scope — what is included and excluded]

**1.3 Methodology**
Assessment based on:
- EU AI Act (Regulation (EU) 2024/1689) — all articles, recitals, and annexes
- Commission Guidelines on AI System Definition (C(2025) 924 final, 6 Feb 2025)
- Commission Guidelines on Prohibited AI Practices (4 Feb 2025)
- [Other applicable Commission guidelines]
- OECD AI Framework (AI system definition alignment)
- ISO 22989:2022 (AI concepts and terminology)
- [Any additional sources consulted, including web search results]

**1.4 Limitations**
- Based on information provided by [client/organization]
- Subject to evolving regulatory interpretation
- Does not constitute legal advice
- [Any specific limitations]

---

### 2. System Description

**2.1 General Information**

| Field | Detail |
|-------|--------|
| System name | [name] |
| Version | [version] |
| Provider/vendor | [name] |
| Technology type | [ML, NLP, CV, etc.] |
| Deployment date | [date or planned] |

**2.2 Technical Description**
[Brief technical description of how the system works]

**2.3 Deployment Context**
[How and where the system is used, who uses it, who is affected]

**2.4 Data Flows**
[What data goes in, what comes out, where data is stored]

---

### 3. Preliminary Check — Scope Exclusions (Art. 2)

| # | Exclusion | Article | Applicable? | Reasoning |
|---|----------|---------|-------------|-----------|
| 1 | Military/defence/national security | Art. 2(3) | [Yes/No] | [reasoning] |
| 2 | Third-country international cooperation | Art. 2(4) | [Yes/No] | [reasoning] |
| 3 | Scientific research exclusively | Art. 2(6) | [Yes/No] | [reasoning] |
| 4 | Pre-market R&D | Art. 2(8) | [Yes/No] | [reasoning] |
| 5 | Personal/household use | Art. 2(10) | [Yes/No] | [reasoning] |
| 6 | Free and open-source | Art. 2(12) | [Yes/No] | [reasoning] |

**Result:** [AI Act applies / Exclusion under Art. 2([x]) applies]

[If open-source: include Checklist I or II analysis]

---

### 4. Scope of Application

**4.1 Material Scope — AI System Determination (Art. 3(1))**

| # | Criterion | Met? | Reasoning |
|---|-----------|------|-----------|
| 1 | Machine-based operation | [Yes/No] | [reasoning] |
| 2 | Degree of autonomy | [Level X] | [reasoning] |
| 3 | Adaptability after deployment | [Yes/No] | [reasoning] |
| 4 | Explicit or implicit goals | [Yes/No] | [reasoning] |
| 5 | Inference capability | [Yes/No] | [reasoning] |
| 6 | Output generation | [Yes/No] | [reasoning] |
| 7 | Environmental influence | [Yes/No] | [reasoning] |

**Determination:** [IS / IS NOT an AI system under Art. 3(1)]
**Confidence:** [High/Medium/Low]

**4.2 Personal Scope — Role Determination**

| Aspect | Determination |
|--------|--------------|
| Primary role | [Provider/Deployer/Importer/Distributor] |
| Legal basis | [Art. 3(x)] |
| Quasi-provider risk | [None/Low/Medium/High] |
| Art. 25 scenario | [N/A or applicable scenario] |

[Detailed reasoning for role determination]

**4.3 Territorial Scope**

| Aspect | Detail |
|--------|--------|
| Provider establishment | [EU/non-EU] |
| Deployer establishment | [EU Member State(s)] |
| AI output used in EU | [Yes/No] |
| Territorial basis | [Art. 2(1)(a)/(b)/(c)] |

---

### 5. Intended Purpose (Art. 3(12))

**Provider's documented intended purpose:**
[As stated in provider's documentation]

**Actual deployment context:**
[How the system is actually used]

**Alignment assessment:**
[Match/Deviation — if deviation, assess Art. 25(1)(c) implications]

---

### 6. Risk Classification

**6.1 Prohibited Practices Screening (Art. 5)**

| # | Category | Article | Applicable? | Reasoning |
|---|----------|---------|-------------|-----------|
| 1 | Subliminal/manipulative/deceptive | Art. 5(1)(a) | [No/Possibly/Yes] | [reasoning] |
| 2 | Exploitation of vulnerabilities | Art. 5(1)(b) | [No/Possibly/Yes] | [reasoning] |
| 3 | Social scoring | Art. 5(1)(c) | [No/Possibly/Yes] | [reasoning] |
| 4 | Criminal risk prediction (profiling) | Art. 5(1)(d) | [No/Possibly/Yes] | [reasoning] |
| 5 | Untargeted facial recognition scraping | Art. 5(1)(e) | [No/Possibly/Yes] | [reasoning] |
| 6 | Emotion recognition (workplace/education) | Art. 5(1)(f) | [No/Possibly/Yes] | [reasoning] |
| 7 | Biometric categorization (sensitive) | Art. 5(1)(g) | [No/Possibly/Yes] | [reasoning] |
| 8 | Real-time remote biometric ID (public) | Art. 5(1)(h) | [No/Possibly/Yes] | [reasoning] |

**Result:** [No prohibited practice identified / PROHIBITED — Art. 5(1)([x])]

**6.2 High-Risk Assessment**

**6.2.1 Annex I — Product Safety**
[Assessment against 18 Annex I categories]
**Result:** [Not applicable / Applicable — Annex I Nr. [X]]

**6.2.2 Annex III — Application-Based**

| # | Category | Applicable? | Sub-category | Reasoning |
|---|----------|-------------|-------------|-----------|
| 1 | Biometrics | [Yes/No] | | |
| 2 | Critical infrastructure | [Yes/No] | | |
| 3 | Education & training | [Yes/No] | | |
| 4 | Employment & workers | [Yes/No] | | |
| 5 | Essential services | [Yes/No] | | |
| 6 | Law enforcement | [Yes/No] | | |
| 7 | Migration & border | [Yes/No] | | |
| 8 | Justice & democracy | [Yes/No] | | |

**Result:** [Not applicable / Applicable — Annex III Nr. [X]]

**6.2.3 Art. 6(3) Exception Analysis**
[If Annex III triggered: analyze Art. 6(3) conditions (a)-(d)]
[Profiling re-exception check]
**Result:** [Exception applies — not high-risk / Exception does not apply — HIGH-RISK]

**6.3 GPAI / Systemic Risk Assessment**
[If applicable: GPAI model assessment, FLOP threshold, systemic risk indicators]
**Result:** [Not GPAI / GPAI standard / GPAI with systemic risk]

**6.4 Transparency Obligations (Art. 50)**

| Obligation | Article | Applicable? |
|-----------|---------|-------------|
| Interaction disclosure | Art. 50(1) | [Yes/No] |
| Synthetic content marking | Art. 50(2) | [Yes/No] |
| Emotion recognition disclosure | Art. 50(3) | [Yes/No] |
| Deep fake labeling | Art. 50(4) | [Yes/No] |

---

### 7. Applicable Obligations

[Summary matrix from /ai-act-obligations output, or generated based on classification]

**7.1 Obligation Summary**

| Category | Count | Immediate | Short-term | Ongoing |
|----------|-------|-----------|------------|---------|
| Technical measures | [X] | [Y] | [Z] | [W] |
| Organizational measures | [X] | [Y] | [Z] | [W] |
| Management systems | [X] | — | [Y] | [Z] |
| Impact assessments | [X] | [Y] | — | — |
| **Total** | **[X]** | **[Y]** | **[Z]** | **[W]** |

**7.2 Critical Timeline Obligations**
[List obligations with nearest deadlines]

**7.3 Management Systems Required**
[List required management systems]

---

### 8. Risk Flags & Recommendations

**8.1 Identified Risks Requiring Legal Judgment**
[List any areas where the assessment cannot reach a definitive conclusion]

**8.2 Recommendations**

| # | Recommendation | Priority | Responsible |
|---|---------------|----------|-------------|
| 1 | [recommendation] | [High/Medium/Low] | [role] |
| 2 | [recommendation] | [High/Medium/Low] | [role] |

**8.3 GDPR Cross-References**
[List applicable GDPR obligations and suggested skills]

---

### 9. Conclusion

**Overall Classification:**
[System name] is classified as a **[risk tier]** AI system under the EU AI Act, with the organization acting as **[role]**.

**Compliance Readiness:**
[Assessment of current compliance status — Ready / Partially Ready / Not Ready]

**Key Actions:**
1. [Most important action]
2. [Second most important action]
3. [Third most important action]

---

**Prepared by:** [name]
**Date:** [date]
**Reviewed by:** [name, if applicable]

**Disclaimer:** This assessment is based on the information provided and current interpretation of the EU AI Act (Regulation (EU) 2024/1689) as of the assessment date. It does not constitute legal advice. The regulatory landscape is evolving — Commission guidelines, delegated acts, and harmonized standards may affect this assessment. Periodic reassessment is recommended.

Phase 3: Quality Check

After generating the report, verify:

1. Citation completeness: Every legal determination has an article reference
2. Reasoning documented: Each Yes/No determination includes reasoning
3. Flags raised: All areas requiring human legal judgment are explicitly flagged
4. GDPR cross-references: Applicable GDPR obligations are identified
5. Follow-up actions: Clear next steps are specified
6. Limitations stated: Any uncertainties or information gaps are documented

Suggest follow-up actions:

• DPIA per Art. 35 GDPR if not yet completed
• Obligation implementation tracking
• Periodic reassessment schedule
• Legal counsel review of flagged areas

Phase 4: Word Document Export (Optional)

Note: This phase requires Claude Code (CLI) with file system access. It is not available on claude.ai or mobile.

After Phase 3 Quality Check is complete, offer the Word document export:

"Would you like me to also export this as a professionally formatted Word document (.docx)?"

If the user declines or the environment does not support file generation → skip this phase.

If yes:

Prerequisite: The docx-processing-anthropic skill must be installed at ~/.claude/skills/docx-processing-anthropic/. If the skill directory does not exist, inform the user: "Word document export requires the docx-processing skill. Install it first, then re-run this phase."

Step 1 — Confirm details:

"I'll generate a Word document. Where should I save it?"

Default: current working directory. Use the naming convention: AI-Act-[Template]-[SystemName]-[YYYY-MM-DD].docx

Step 2 — Generate the document:

Read references/docx-formatting.md for styling specifications, typography, table formatting, cover page structure, and per-template structural guidance.

Read the docx-js API reference from the docx-processing skill (~/.claude/skills/docx-processing-anthropic/references/docx-js.md) for the full library API and critical formatting rules.

Generate a JavaScript file that:

1. Creates a cover page (own section, no header/footer) with report type, system name, metadata, and disclaimer
2. Adds a Table of Contents (except for Management Briefing template)
3. Converts all report sections using the heading hierarchy (H1 → HeadingLevel.HEADING_1, etc.)
4. Renders all assessment tables with consistent styling (light gray header rows, thin gray borders)
5. Adds headers (report title + date) and footers ("Confidential" + page numbers) on all pages except cover
6. Includes the disclaimer as final paragraph

Run the JavaScript file to produce the .docx. Verify the file was created successfully.

Step 3 — Confirm delivery:

"Word document saved to: [file path]"

Critical Reminders

1. This report is a documentation aid — it does not replace legal judgment on complex classification questions
2. Flag uncertainty honestly — marking "Possibly" is better than forcing a wrong determination
3. Include all search results — if web search revealed new guidance, cite it in the methodology section
4. Art. 6(4) documentation requirement — providers of Annex III systems classified as non-high-risk under Art. 6(3) must document their assessment before placing on market (Art. 6(4)). This includes documenting which condition (a)-(d) is met, the harm assessment, and confirming no profiling. Consult the ai-act-obligations skill's references/art6-4-documentation.md for the full template
5. Version control — include date and version; reassess when circumstances change
6. Dual language terms — preserve German legal terms alongside English for EU legal context
7. Include compliance timeline — reference references/compliance-timeline.md for applicable deadlines, quarterly action calendar, and phased compliance roadmap in Section 8 (Recommendations)
8. Jurisdiction-specific recommendations — reference references/jurisdiction-checklists.md for per-country compliance checklists and employment law overlay when generating recommendations
9. Enforcement context — consult the ai-act-classifier skill's references/enforcement-framework.md for penalty tiers (up to €35M / 7% turnover) and enforcement risk in financial exposure assessments (especially for Management Briefing template)

EU AI Act Role Determination

Determine the organization's role under the AI Act (Regulation (EU) 2024/1689) — provider (Anbieter), deployer (Betreiber), importer, distributor, or quasi-provider — and assess Art. 25 quasi-provider risk.

LEGAL DISCLAIMER

IMPORTANT NOTICE This assessment provides structured guidance based on the EU AI Act (Regulation (EU) 2024/1689) and Commission value chain guidance. It does not constitute legal advice. Final role determinations should involve qualified legal counsel with AI Act expertise.

Do you acknowledge this and wish to proceed?

Wait for acknowledgment before proceeding.

When to Search the Web

On activation — search for:

EU AI Act Commission guidance provider deployer roles value chain [current year]
EU AI Act Art. 25 substantial modification guidance latest

For finetuning assessment — search for:

EU AI Act finetuning substantial modification technical standards [current year]
EU AI Act open source model modification provider status

For value chain obligations — search for:

EU AI Act provider deployer responsibility allocation guidance [current year]
EU AI Act Art. 25(2) original provider support duty interpretation

Workflow: Ask Questions ONE AT A TIME

Phase 1: Context Gathering (Adaptive Intake)

Prior Assessment Context (optional):

"If you have previously run another EU AI Act skill, you may paste the Assessment Context block here. This pre-fills several fields and avoids redundant input."

If context is provided, pre-populate applicable fields and skip to confirmation. If any field conflicts with user answers, flag the inconsistency.

Batch 1 — Open-ended question (single prompt):

"Let's determine your organization's role under the EU AI Act."

You can answer in your own words — a short paragraph or bullet points. I'll ask follow-up questions only if needed.

Describe your organization's relationship to this AI system: how you obtained it, what you do with it, whether you've modified it, and how it reaches users.

Coverage Analysis (internal — do not show this table to the user):

After the user responds, silently extract these 4 fields from their natural-language answer:

Apply generous extraction — e.g., "bought from US vendor" covers System acquisition (Purchased/licensed) + Market status (First placement) + potential Importer dimension. "We finetuned it and sell it under our brand" covers Modifications (Finetuning/retraining + Own brand) + Organizational relationship (Developing for others / Distributing).

Batch 2 — Adaptive follow-up (only if needed):

• If all 4 fields are clearly covered → skip Batch 2 entirely. Confirm extractions: "Based on your description, I've identified: [field summary]. Does this look correct?"
• If 1-2 fields are partially covered → confirm partial extractions: "You mentioned [X] — is this specifically [normalized value]?"
• If 2+ fields are missing → ask about gaps only: "A couple of details I still need: [specific missing fields]"
• Maximum 2 interaction turns for intake.

Information Normalization (internal):

Before proceeding to Phase 2, normalize all extracted information into the 4 structured fields above. If a field remains unclear after Batch 2, mark it as [UNCLEAR — proceeding with cautious assumptions] and note which assumption was made.

Phase 2: Primary Role Determination

Read references/role-definitions.md for full legal definitions.

Apply the decision tree through Art. 3(3)-(7):

ROLE DETERMINATION DECISION TREE

System acquisition + Organizational relationship → Role mapping:

Develops or commissions development + places on market/puts into service
  under own name/trademark?
  └─ YES → PROVIDER (Anbieter) — Art. 3(3)

Uses AI system under own authority in professional capacity?
  └─ YES → DEPLOYER (Betreiber) — Art. 3(4)

Imports AI system from third country to place on EU market?
  └─ YES → IMPORTER (Einführer) — Art. 3(6)

Makes AI system available on EU market (not as provider/importer)?
  └─ YES → DISTRIBUTOR (Händler) — Art. 3(7)

Integrates AI system into product as manufacturer?
  └─ YES → Product manufacturer — Art. 25(3), treated as PROVIDER

Multiple roles: An organization can hold multiple roles simultaneously (e.g., provider of one system and deployer of another). Assess each system separately.

Output after primary role determination:

"Based on your answers, your primary role appears to be [Role] under Art. 3([X]) AI Act. [Brief reasoning based on answers]"

Role Determination Visual Decision Tree

                ┌──────────────────────────────┐
                │ Did your org DEVELOP or       │
                │ COMMISSION the AI system?     │
                └──────────────┬───────────────┘
                               │
              ┌── YES ─────────┼─────────── NO ──┐
              │                                   │
              ▼                                   ▼
   ┌──────────────────┐              ┌──────────────────────┐
   │ Place on market / │              │ How does your org    │
   │ put into service  │              │ interact with the    │
   │ under OWN name?   │              │ system?              │
   └────────┬─────────┘              └──────────┬───────────┘
            │                                   │
     YES ───┤                    ┌──────────────┼──────────────┐
            ▼                    │              │              │
   ┌────────────────┐   Uses under      Imports from    Makes available
   │ PROVIDER       │   own authority   non-EU to EU    on EU market
   │ (Anbieter)     │        │              │              │
   │ Art. 3(3)      │        ▼              ▼              ▼
   └────────────────┘  ┌──────────┐  ┌──────────┐  ┌──────────┐
                       │ DEPLOYER │  │ IMPORTER │  │DISTRIBUTOR│
                       │(Betreiber)│  │(Einfuehrer)│ │(Haendler)│
                       │ Art. 3(4)│  │ Art. 3(6)│  │ Art. 3(7)│
                       └──────────┘  └──────────┘  └──────────┘

   Note: Product manufacturers integrating AI → Art. 25(3) → PROVIDER

For sector-specific role determination nuances, see references/sector-guidance-crossref.md. For worked role determination examples, see references/case-studies.md.

Phase 3: Quasi-Provider Risk Assessment (Art. 25)

Only proceed with this phase if:

1. The system is high-risk, AND
2. The user is not already classified as the original provider

Read references/quasi-provider-scenarios.md and references/substantial-modification.md.

"I will now assess whether your organization could be treated as a new provider under Art. 25 ('quasi-provider'). This applies when certain modifications or actions cause a deployer, distributor, or importer to assume provider obligations."

Scenario 1 — Own Name/Brand — Art. 25(1)(a):

"Have you put your own name, trademark, or brand on the AI system, or do you present it to end users under your own branding?"

If YES → quasi-provider under Art. 25(1)(a). Organization assumes full provider obligations.

Scenario 2 — Substantial Modification — Art. 25(1)(b):

"Have you made a substantial modification (wesentliche Veränderung) to the AI system?"

Read references/substantial-modification.md for the 3-step checklist.

Apply the 3-step determination:

Step 1: Identify the change

"What specific changes were made to the AI system? (technical parameters, data, architecture, deployment context)"

Step 2: Assess foreseeability

"Were these changes foreseen or covered in the original provider's conformity assessment or intended purpose documentation?"

Step 3: Evaluate risk impact

"Did the changes affect compliance with requirements in Chapter III, Section 2 (Art. 8-15), or did they alter the system's risk profile?"

If finetuning is involved → apply graduated assessment from references/finetuning-assessment.md:

Scenario 3 — Changed Intended Purpose — Art. 25(1)(c):

"Have you changed the intended purpose (Zweckbestimmung) of the AI system from what the original provider specified?"

If YES → quasi-provider under Art. 25(1)(c). A change of intended purpose always triggers provider status for the entity that changed the purpose.

Scenarios 4-5 — Product Manufacturer Integration — Art. 25(3)(a-b):

"Are you a product manufacturer who:"

• "(a) places on the market or puts into service a high-risk AI system together with your product under your own name or trademark?"
• "(b) puts into service a high-risk AI system bearing your name or trademark after it has already been placed on the market?"

If YES to either → provider obligations apply to the product manufacturer.

Art. 25(4) Exception:

"Were the changes you made already foreseen and covered in the original provider's conformity assessment?"

If YES → Art. 25(4) applies — the original conformity assessment remains valid, and Art. 25(1)(b) does not trigger quasi-provider status.

Quasi-Provider Trigger Assessment Decision Tree

              ┌──────────────────────────────────┐
              │ Is the system HIGH-RISK and       │
              │ obtained from another provider?   │
              └───────────────┬──────────────────┘
                              │
               NO ────────────┼──────────── YES
               │                             │
               ▼                             ▼
    ┌─────────────────┐       ┌──────────────────────────┐
    │ Art. 25 does    │       │ Check 3 triggers:        │
    │ not apply.      │       └──────────┬───────────────┘
    │ Stay in primary │                  │
    │ role.           │    ┌─────────────┼─────────────┐
    └─────────────────┘    │             │             │
                           ▼             ▼             ▼
                   ┌────────────┐ ┌────────────┐ ┌────────────┐
                   │ Own name/  │ │ Substantial│ │ Changed    │
                   │ brand?     │ │ modifica-  │ │ intended   │
                   │ Art.25(1a) │ │ tion?      │ │ purpose?   │
                   └─────┬──────┘ │ Art.25(1b) │ │ Art.25(1c) │
                         │        └─────┬──────┘ └─────┬──────┘
                    YES ─┤         YES ─┤          YES ─┤
                         │              │               │
                         │         ┌────▼─────┐        │
                         │         │Art. 25(4)│        │
                         │         │Foreseen? │        │
                         │         └────┬─────┘        │
                         │         YES ─┤── NO         │
                         │              │    │         │
                         │    No quasi- │    │         │
                         │    provider  │    │         │
                         │              │    │         │
                         ▼              │    ▼         ▼
                   ┌─────────────────────────────────────┐
                   │  QUASI-PROVIDER                     │
                   │  Full Art. 16 provider obligations  │
                   │  New conformity assessment required  │
                   └─────────────────────────────────────┘

Phase 4: Role Determination Dashboard

## AI Act Role Determination
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
Organization:    [name]
AI System:       [name]
Date:            [date]
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
Primary Role:            [Provider / Deployer / Importer / Distributor]
Legal Basis:             [Art. 3(x)]
Quasi-Provider Risk:     [None / Low / Medium / High]
Art. 25 Scenario:        [N/A / Scenario 1-5 with detail]
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
ANALYSIS SUMMARY:
[2-3 sentence summary of role determination reasoning]
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
FLAGS:
[e.g., "Finetuning detected — layer-wise modification may trigger Art. 25(1)(b)"]
[e.g., "Purpose change from manufacturer's intended use detected"]
[e.g., "Own branding on third-party system — Art. 25(1)(a) quasi-provider"]
[e.g., "Product manufacturer integration — Art. 25(3) applies"]
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
RESPONSIBILITIES:
Original provider support obligation: [Art. 25(2) — must provide technical docs and cooperation]
New conformity assessment required: [Yes / No / Potentially]
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
ASSESSMENT CONTEXT (paste into next skill)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
System: [name]
Classification: [from prior assessment or TBD]
Basis: [from prior assessment or TBD]
Role: [role]
Quasi-Provider: [risk level]
Sector: [sector]
Jurisdiction: [list]
Org Size: [size]
Art. 50: [from prior assessment or TBD]
GPAI: [from prior assessment or TBD]
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
NEXT STEPS:
→ Run /ai-act-obligations for applicable requirements based on this role
→ Run /ai-act-report to generate formal assessment documentation
→ If quasi-provider risk is Medium/High: seek legal counsel for detailed Art. 25 analysis
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

Critical Reminders

1. An organization can be both provider and deployer — for different systems or even the same system in different contexts
2. Art. 25 quasi-provider is a trap — many organizations unknowingly become providers through finetuning or rebranding
3. Art. 25(2) mutual support obligation — even when quasi-provider status triggers, the original provider must cooperate and provide technical documentation
4. Intended purpose is the key anchor — any change from the provider's documented intended purpose triggers Art. 25(1)(c)
5. Configuration ≠ modification — using a system within the provider's intended configuration range does not constitute substantial modification
6. Open-source models — downloading and deploying an open-source model under own brand likely triggers Art. 25(1)(a)
7. Search for latest guidance — the Commission is expected to publish detailed Art. 25 guidance
8. Jurisdiction-specific employment law — role determination has national employment law implications. Reference references/employment-law-overlay.md Section 3 for per-country works council requirements (DE: BetrVG, AT: ArbVG, FR: Code du Travail, NL: WOR, IT: Statuto dei Lavoratori, ES: Ley Rider) that apply in addition to AI Act role obligations
9. Compliance timeline — reference references/compliance-deadlines.md for applicable deadlines based on role and risk tier

EU AI Act Quick Assessment

Fast triage tool (15-25 minutes) for preliminary AI Act classification and compliance assessment. Produces a preliminary output and routes to detailed skills for full analysis.

LEGAL DISCLAIMER

IMPORTANT NOTICE This is a preliminary assessment providing initial orientation under the EU AI Act (Regulation (EU) 2024/1689). It is designed for rapid triage and does NOT replace a full assessment. Results should be validated using the detailed assessment skills (/ai-act-classifier, /ai-act-roles, /ai-act-obligations, /ai-act-report) and reviewed by qualified legal counsel.

Do you acknowledge this and wish to proceed with the quick assessment?

Wait for acknowledgment before proceeding.

When to Search the Web

On activation — search for:

EU AI Act latest enforcement updates [current year]
EU AI Act Commission guidelines status [current year]

Quick Assessment Workflow

Phase 1: Quick Context (Adaptive 2-Batch Flow)

Gather context through a conversational 2-batch approach. Maximum 2 interaction turns — 1 if the user is detailed, 2 if gaps remain.

Batch 1: Essential Questions (always asked)

Present these three questions with a natural, conversational welcome:

Let's get started with a quick EU AI Act assessment.

You can answer in your own words — a short paragraph, bullet points, whatever works. I'll ask follow-up questions only if I need more detail.

1. What does the AI system do? (2-3 sentences: what it does, how it works at a high level, what outputs it produces)

2. Where is the system deployed? (For reference: EU/EEA market, Switzerland with EU reach, outside EU but outputs used in EU, or no EU connection)

3. What is your organization's relationship to it? (For reference: developed in-house, purchased/licensed, modified/finetuned, distribute/import, or evaluating for acquisition)

Coverage Analysis (internal — not shown to user)

After the user responds to Batch 1, silently check whether their answer covers each of the 8 required fields. Be generous with extraction — e.g., "German Mittelstand" covers both jurisdiction (DE) and organization size (medium); "CV screening tool" covers sector (HR/employment) and affected persons (employees/job applicants).

Mark each field: Covered / Partially covered / Not covered.

Batch 2: Adaptive Follow-Up (only if gaps remain)

• All 8 fields covered → Skip Batch 2. Briefly confirm your extractions and proceed to Phase 2.
• Gaps remain → Send ONE follow-up message covering ONLY the missing or partially covered fields, conversationally framed. Do not re-ask what was already answered.
• Partially covered fields → Use confirmation prompts, not full re-asks. Example: "You mentioned healthcare — is this specifically in the medical devices sector?"
• Unclear fields → If still unresolvable after Batch 2, mark as [UNCLEAR — proceeding with cautious assumptions] and note the assumption made.

Example follow-up (if sector, size, and jurisdiction are missing):

Just a few more details to round out the picture:

• What sector does this fall into? (e.g., healthcare, financial services, HR/employment, education, public administration, other)
• Roughly how large is your organization? (e.g., under 50 employees, 50-249, or 250+)
• Which EU/EEA country or countries are involved?

Information Normalization (internal — before Phase 2)

Before proceeding to Phase 2, normalize all gathered information into the structured 8-field format so the Phase 2 gate sequence can reference fields consistently:

1. System description — free text
2. Deployment context — one of: EU/EEA market, Switzerland with EU reach, Outside EU but outputs used in EU, No EU connection
3. Organization role — one of: Developed in-house, Purchased/licensed, Modified/finetuned, Distribute/import, Evaluating
4. Sector — mapped to: Healthcare/medical devices, Financial services, HR/employment, Education, Law enforcement/justice, Critical infrastructure, Public administration, Consumer/retail, Other
5. Affected persons — one or more of: Employees/workers, Customers/consumers, Citizens/public, Students, Patients, Internal only
6. Modifications — one of: No modifications, Configuration within intended range, Finetuning/retraining, Changed intended purpose, Own brand applied
7. Organization size — one of: Micro (<10), Small (10-49), Medium (50-249), Large (250+)
8. Jurisdiction(s) — list of EU/EEA Member States or Switzerland

Phase 2: Rapid Classification (6-Step Gate Sequence)

Read references/quick-decision-tree.md for the condensed classification logic.

Process the answers through the 6-step gate sequence internally (do not ask additional questions unless critical information is missing). Output the result as a single assessment.

Gate 1: Scope Check (Art. 2)

• If deployment context is "No EU connection" → likely out of scope → note and proceed cautiously
• Check for military, personal use, pure R&D exclusions based on system description

Gate 2: AI System Test (Art. 3(1))

• Quick determination based on system description
• Apply simplified 3-question test: (1) machine-based? (2) infers/generates beyond rules? (3) influences environment?

Gate 3: Prohibited Practice Screen (Art. 5)

• Rapid screen based on system description and sector
• Flag any potential Art. 5 concern for detailed review

Gate 4: High-Risk Assessment (Annex I + III)

• Map sector + use case to Annex I/III categories
• Use sector answer as primary trigger indicator
• If Annex III triggered: quick Art. 6(3) exception check

Gate 5: GPAI Check

• Based on system description: does it use a general-purpose AI model?
• If yes: note GPAI obligations

Gate 6: Transparency Triggers (Art. 50)

• Check for direct human interaction, synthetic content generation, emotion recognition, deep fakes

Phase 3: Preliminary Output

Generate a consolidated preliminary assessment using the following structure:

## AI Act Quick Assessment — PRELIMINARY
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
⚠ PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT — Full analysis required for compliance decisions
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

System:           [name/description]
Date:             [date]
Assessment Type:  PRELIMINARY (Quick Assessment)

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
CLASSIFICATION SUMMARY
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
AI System (Art. 3(1)):     [Likely YES / Likely NO / Unclear — full test needed]
Scope (Art. 2):            [In scope / Likely excluded — Art. 2(x)]
Risk Tier:                 [Likely Prohibited / Likely High-Risk / Likely GPAI / Likely Limited / Likely Minimal / Unclear]
Classification Basis:      [Likely Art. 5(1)(x) / Likely Annex III Nr. X / Likely Art. 50 / Likely minimal]
Confidence:                [High / Medium / Low]

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
ROLE ASSESSMENT
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
Likely Role:               [Provider / Deployer / Quasi-Provider / Importer / Distributor]
Quasi-Provider Risk:       [None / Possible — [trigger]]
Key Concern:               [if any — e.g., finetuning may trigger Art. 25]

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
TOP OBLIGATIONS (if high-risk or GPAI)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
| # | Obligation | Article | Urgency | Effort Estimate |
|---|-----------|---------|---------|-----------------|
| 1 | [top obligation] | [Art. X] | [Immediate/Short-term/Ongoing] | [Low/Medium/High] |
| 2 | [second obligation] | [Art. X] | [Immediate/Short-term/Ongoing] | [Low/Medium/High] |
| 3 | [third obligation] | [Art. X] | [Immediate/Short-term/Ongoing] | [Low/Medium/High] |
| 4 | [fourth obligation] | [Art. X] | [Immediate/Short-term/Ongoing] | [Low/Medium/High] |
| 5 | [fifth obligation] | [Art. X] | [Immediate/Short-term/Ongoing] | [Low/Medium/High] |

For ALL risk tiers:
| - | AI competence (Art. 4) | Art. 4 | Immediate (since Feb 2025) | Low-Medium |

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
COMPLIANCE TIMELINE
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
Applicable Deadline:       [2 Feb 2025 / 2 Aug 2025 / 2 Aug 2026 / 2 Aug 2027]
Days Remaining:            [X days]
Urgency:                   [OVERDUE / CRITICAL / HIGH / MEDIUM / LOW]

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
JURISDICTION FLAGS
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
[Jurisdiction-specific flags based on deployment country, e.g.:]
[DE: Works council co-determination likely required (BetrVG §87)]
[FR: CSE consultation required before deployment]
[Finance sector: BaFin/[regulator] AI model governance requirements apply]

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
FINANCIAL EXPOSURE (PRELIMINARY)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
Maximum penalty:           [EUR XM or X% turnover — Art. 99(X)]
SME proportionality:       [Applies / Does not apply]
Penalty tier:              [Tier 1/2/3]

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
FLAGS & WARNINGS
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
[List any flags, e.g.:]
[PROHIBITED PRACTICE RISK — Art. 5(1)(x) — immediate legal review required]
[QUASI-PROVIDER RISK — finetuning may trigger Art. 25]
[PROFILING DETECTED — may affect Art. 6(3) exception]
[GDPR OVERLAP — DPIA likely required under Art. 35 GDPR]

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
ASSESSMENT CONTEXT (paste into next skill)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
System: [name]
Classification: [risk tier]
Basis: [legal basis]
Role: [role]
Quasi-Provider: [risk level]
Sector: [sector]
Jurisdiction: [list]
Org Size: [size]
Art. 50: [applicable triggers]
GPAI: [yes/no, systemic risk]

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
RECOMMENDED NEXT STEPS
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
1. → Run /ai-act-classifier for full classification with documented reasoning
   [Priority: HIGH / MEDIUM — based on preliminary findings]

2. → Run /ai-act-roles for detailed role determination
   [Priority: HIGH if quasi-provider risk detected / MEDIUM otherwise]

3. → Run /ai-act-obligations for complete obligation mapping with RACI
   [Priority: HIGH if high-risk / MEDIUM if limited risk]

4. → Run /ai-act-report to generate formal assessment documentation
   [Priority: HIGH for regulatory files / MEDIUM for internal tracking]

5. → Engage legal counsel for:
   [List specific areas requiring legal judgment]

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
⚠ This preliminary assessment was generated using the AI Act Quick
  Assessment tool. It provides directional guidance only. All
  determinations marked "Likely" require validation through the
  detailed assessment skills listed above.
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

Phase 4: Template Offer (Optional)

After presenting the preliminary assessment, offer:

"Would you like me to generate a preliminary version of any of the following templates? These will be marked as preliminary and should be finalized after running the full assessment skills."

1. Classification Record (Prüfprotokoll) — preliminary audit trail
2. Compliance Register Entry — preliminary obligation tracker
3. Management Briefing (Entscheidungsvorlage) — preliminary decision document

If requested, use the templates from [/ai-act-report/references/output-templates.md] and mark all outputs prominently as "PRELIMINARY — Full assessment recommended."

Critical Reminders

1. This is a triage tool — always recommend running detailed skills for compliance decisions
2. "Likely" is not "confirmed" — preliminary determinations require validation
3. Err on the side of caution — if uncertain between risk tiers, flag the higher risk tier as possible
4. Flag uncertainty explicitly — Low confidence ratings require immediate follow-up with detailed skills
5. National requirements matter — always flag jurisdiction-specific obligations using [references/jurisdiction-flags.md]
6. Compliance timeline — reference [references/compliance-deadlines.md] for deadline urgency
7. Enforcement exposure — reference [/ai-act-classifier/references/enforcement-framework.md] for penalty context

Relecture de texte français - Version 3.0

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Cette compétence permet de réaliser une relecture approfondie et structurée de documents en français, en s'adaptant au niveau de langue, au public cible et à la nature du texte.

🚨 PRINCIPE CARDINAL DE LA RELECTURE

VOUS ÊTES UN CORRECTEUR, PAS UN COMMENTATEUR.

❌ INTERDICTION ABSOLUE

NE JAMAIS, EN AUCUN CAS, mentionner ce qui est correct.

Exemples de ce qu'il est INTERDIT de dire :

• ❌ "Aucune occurrence de 'la loi stipule' détectée. ✓"
• ❌ "Bien utilisé"
• ❌ "Approprié"
• ❌ "Correct"
• ❌ "Pas de problème ici"
• ❌ "Utilisation adéquate"

✅ COMPORTEMENT CORRECT

Si une section ne contient AUCUNE erreur → OMETTRE complètement cette section

Si tout le document est parfait → Écrire uniquement :

# Relecture de "[Titre]"

Aucun problème détecté. Le document est de qualité irréprochable.

## 📊 Évaluation globale
🟢 EXCELLENTE (0 erreur sur X pages)

Le silence sur un point signifie qu'il est correct. Seules les erreurs et suggestions d'amélioration doivent être mentionnées.

💡 CONSEIL DISCRET

Au début de chaque relecture, suggérer discrètement d'activer Extended thinking pour une analyse plus approfondie :

Suggestion : Activer "Extended thinking" dans les paramètres pour une analyse encore plus minutieuse.

📏 PROCESSUS DE RELECTURE

ÉTAPE 0 : Évaluation initiale

Lire les 150 premiers mots pour déterminer :

1. Type de texte : 📝 Littéraire | 🔬 Scientifique | 💼 Professionnel | 📧 Personnel | 📰 Journalistique
2. Niveau de langue : Très soutenu | Soutenu | Courant | Familier
3. Public cible : Enfants | Grand public | Spécialistes | Académique
4. Discipline (si applicable) : ⚖️ Droit | 🏥 Médecine | 💰 Économie | 🔬 Sciences | etc.

ÉTAPE 1 : Gestion de la longueur

Calculer immédiatement : nombre de pages estimé (1 page ≈ 2000 caractères)

Si document court (< 10 pages)

→ Traiter l'intégralité en mode approfondi

Si document long (≥ 10 pages)

→ PROTOCOLE DOCUMENTS LONGS :

1. Annoncer clairement :

   ⚠️ DOCUMENT LONG DÉTECTÉ (X pages estimées)
   
   Je vais traiter les 8-10 premières pages en mode approfondi.
   À la fin, je fournirai un prompt de continuation pour une nouvelle conversation.
   

2. Traiter les 8-10 premières pages avec le processus complet (toutes les étapes 2-8)

3. En fin de relecture, fournir ce prompt de continuation :

   📋 PROMPT DE CONTINUATION (à copier dans une nouvelle conversation)
   
   Compétence : relecture-texte-francais
   
   Reprends la relecture du document "[TITRE]" exactement là où elle s'est arrêtée.
   
   CONTEXTE ÉTABLI :
   - Type : [type]
   - Niveau : [niveau]
   - Public : [public]
   - Discipline : [discipline]
   - Pages déjà traitées : 1-X
   
   TEXTE À RELIRE (à partir de la page X+1) :
   [L'utilisateur collera la suite ici]
   
   Applique le même niveau d'exigence et reprends la numérotation des erreurs là où elle s'était arrêtée (erreur N+1).
   

ÉTAPE 2 : Si incertitude → Demander précisions

Si type/niveau/public/discipline ne sont pas clairs, poser UNE question concise :

"Quel est le public cible de ce texte : grand public ou spécialistes ?"

ÉTAPE 3 : Consultation automatique des références

AVANT toute relecture, consulter les fichiers de référence :

• references/barbarismes-et-improprietes.md (anglicismes, paronymes, contresens)
• references/erreurs-disciplinaires.md (erreurs par discipline : droit, médecine, économie, etc.)

Ces fichiers contiennent des centaines d'erreurs fréquentes à détecter. CRITIQUE : Les listes de ces fichiers ne sont pas exhaustive

ÉTAPE 4 : Relecture systématique phrase par phrase

MÉTHODE RIGOUREUSE OBLIGATOIRE :

1. Diviser mentalement le texte en phrases numérotées
2. Analyser chaque phrase selon TOUTES les catégories (1 à 8)
3. Ne passer à la phrase suivante qu'après analyse complète
4. Cocher mentalement chaque phrase analysée

Objectif : 0% de phrases non lues

📋 CATÉGORIES D'ANALYSE

1. 📝 GRAMMAIRE ET ORTHOGRAPHE

Adapter au niveau de langue (l'imparfait du subjonctif est requis en langue très soutenue, mais pas en langue courante)

1.1 Conjugaison

• 1.1.1 Concordance des temps
• 1.1.2 Mode (indicatif/subjonctif/conditionnel)
• 1.1.3 Formes verbales incorrectes

1.2 Accords

• 1.2.1 Sujet-verbe
• 1.2.2 Participe passé
• 1.2.3 Adjectifs
• 1.2.4 Déterminants

1.3 Orthographe lexicale

• 1.3.1 Mots mal orthographiés
• 1.3.2 Homophones (a/à, ou/où, ce/se, etc.)
• 1.3.3 Cédilles et accents manquants

1.4 Syntaxe

• 1.4.1 Ordre des mots
• 1.4.2 Prépositions incorrectes
• 1.4.3 Constructions bancales

Format :

🔴 1.2.2 Accord du participe passé avec l'auxiliaire avoir

1.2.2.1 Votre texte : "Les décisions que nous avons pris"
→ Erreur : Le participe passé avec "avoir" s'accorde avec le COD placé avant. Ici, "que" (mis pour "décisions", féminin pluriel) est COD et placé avant le verbe.
→ Correction : "Les décisions que nous avons **prises**"

1.2.2.2 Votre texte : "Les arguments qu'il a développé"
→ Erreur : Même règle, "que" renvoie à "arguments" (masculin pluriel).
→ Correction : "Les arguments qu'il a **développés**"

2. 🌍 LEXIQUE

2.1 Barbarismes

Mots qui n'existent pas en français ou sont déformés.

Consulter automatiquement references/barbarismes-et-improprietes.md pour détecter :

• Anglicismes lexicaux (digital → numérique)
• Anglicismes syntaxiques (être en charge de → être chargé de)
• Mots déformés (malgré que → bien que) CRITIQUE : La liste n'est pas exhaustive

2.2 Impropriétés

Mots existants mais mal employés.

Exemples fréquents :

• pallier à → pallier (transitif direct)
• diagnostic de → diagnostic d'
• alternative (= choix entre deux options) ≠ solution de remplacement

2.3 Pléonasmes

• monter en haut
• descendre en bas
• prévoir à l'avance
• au jour d'aujourd'hui

2.4 Paronymes confondus

• décennie/décade
• perpétrer/perpétuer
• collision/collusion
• éminent/imminent

2.5 Contresens et faux-amis

Consulter references/barbarismes-et-improprietes.md pour liste. CRITIQUE : La liste n'est pas exhaustive

2.6 Erreurs disciplinaires

CRITIQUE : Consulter references/erreurs-disciplinaires.md CRITIQUE : La liste n'est pas exhaustive

Si discipline = Droit :

• ⚖️ "La loi stipule" → "La loi dispose"
• Détails complets dans le fichier de référence

Si discipline = Médecine :

• 🏥 Pathologie ≠ maladie
• Détails complets dans le fichier de référence

Autres disciplines : Psychologie, Informatique, Économie, Linguistique, Sciences, Architecture, etc.

Format :

🔴 2.6 Erreur disciplinaire majeure en droit

2.6.1 Votre texte : "La loi stipule que..."
→ Erreur : En droit français, "stipuler" s'applique aux contrats, pas aux lois. Les lois "disposent", "prévoient" ou "édictent".
→ Correction : "La loi **dispose** que..." ou "La loi **prévoit** que..."

3. ✍️ TYPOGRAPHIE ET PONCTUATION

3.1 Ponctuation

• 3.1.1 Virgules manquantes/superflues
• 3.1.2 Point-virgule vs deux-points
• 3.1.3 Guillemets (« » français vs " " anglais)

3.2 Espaces typographiques

• 3.2.1 Espaces insécables (avant : ; ! ?)
• 3.2.2 Espaces manquantes/superflues

3.3 Majuscules et minuscules

• 3.3.1 Noms propres
• 3.3.2 Titres d'œuvres
• 3.3.3 Début de phrase

3.4 Accentuation des majuscules

En français correct : Les majuscules doivent être accentuées (À, É, etc.)

Incorrect : "ETAT" → Correct : "ÉTAT"

3.5 Abréviations

• 3.5.1 Formes incorrectes
• 3.5.2 Points abréviatifs manquants
• 3.5.3 Abréviations non standard

4. 🎨 STYLE ET CLARTÉ

Adapter au niveau de langue (phrases longues acceptables en style soutenu, à éviter en style courant)

4.1 Lourdeurs syntaxiques

• 4.1.1 Phrases trop longues (>40 mots en style courant)
• 4.1.2 Subordonnées enchâssées
• 4.1.3 Incises multiples

4.2 Répétitions

• 4.2.1 Mots répétés à courte distance
• 4.2.2 Structures répétitives

4.3 Verbes ternes

Proposer 3 alternatives graduées en force/formalité :

🟡 4.3.1 Verbe terne

Votre texte : "Il fait une analyse"
→ Suggestion : Alternatives plus précises :
  1. "Il **mène** une analyse" (formel)
  2. "Il **conduit** une analyse" (académique)
  3. "Il **effectue** une analyse" (neutre)

4.4 Formulations négatives

"Il n'est pas rare" → "Il est fréquent" "Il n'ignore pas" → "Il sait"

4.5 Tournures passives excessives

En style direct, préférer l'actif (sauf contexte scientifique rigoureux)

4.6 Redondances sémantiques

"Le but visé" → "le but" "Collaborer ensemble" → "collaborer"

4.7 Jargon et clarté

Adapter au public :

• Grand public → éviter le jargon
• Spécialistes → jargon acceptable mais défini

5. 📐 STRUCTURE ET ORGANISATION

PAS DE MATRICE ICI → Analyse narrative

Commenter uniquement si problèmes majeurs :

• 🔴 Transitions absentes entre paragraphes
• 🔴 Ordre illogique des idées
• 🔴 Paragraphes trop longs (>15 lignes)
• 🔴 Absence de hiérarchie visible

6. 🔗 COHÉRENCE

6.1 Connecteurs logiques

• 6.1.1 Connecteurs manquants
• 6.1.2 Connecteurs incorrects
• 6.1.3 Articulation logique défaillante

6.2 Écriture inclusive

Si utilisée, vérifier la cohérence :

• 6.2.1 Formes mixtes (lecteur·rice·s)
• 6.2.2 Doublets (lecteurs et lectrices)
• 6.2.3 Termes épicènes (le lectorat)

6.3 Références

• 6.3.1 Citations incomplètes
• 6.3.2 Notes de bas de page mal formatées
• 6.3.3 Bibliographie non standardisée

6.4 Terminologie

• 6.4.1 Termes techniques définis à la première occurrence
• 6.4.2 Cohérence terminologique (même terme pour même concept)
• 6.4.3 Acronymes explicités

7. ⚠️ ATTENTION AUX SENSIBILITÉS

Signaler les formulations potentiellement problématiques :

7.1 Genre et représentation

• Expressions sexistes involontaires
• Généralisations genrées

7.2 Origine et appartenance

• Stéréotypes ethniques/nationaux
• Généralisations culturelles

7.3 Handicap et santé

• Vocabulaire stigmatisant (handicapé vs personne en situation de handicap)
• Métaphores médicales inappropriées

7.4 Âge

• Âgisme (expressions dévalorisantes)

7.5 Socio-économie

• Classisme involontaire
• Présupposés de privilèges

Format :

🟠 7.1 Formulation potentiellement problématique

Votre texte : "Un bon médecin ne laisse pas ses émotions interférer"
→ Observation : Généralisation genrée implicite (masculin utilisé comme neutre)
→ Suggestion : "Les médecins compétents ne laissent pas leurs émotions interférer"

8. 💡 OBSERVATIONS COMPLÉMENTAIRES

Toute remarque pertinente ne relevant pas des catégories précédentes :

• Incohérences factuelles apparentes
• Suggestions d'enrichissement
• Points d'attention spécifiques au domaine

📊 TABLEAU RÉCAPITULATIF

Après chaque relecture, produire ce tableau :

| Catégorie | 🔴 Majeur | 🟠 Modéré | 🟡 Mineur | Total |
|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-------|
| 1. Grammaire | X | X | X | X |
| 2. Lexique | X | X | X | X |
| 3. Typographie | X | X | X | X |
| 4. Style | - | X | X | X |
| 5. Structure | X | - | - | X |
| 6. Cohérence | - | X | - | X |
| 7. Sensibilités | - | X | - | X |
| 8. Observations | - | - | X | X |
| **TOTAL** | **X** | **X** | **X** | **X** |

Légende des priorités :

• 🔴 Majeur : Erreur objective qui nuit gravement à la compréhension ou à la crédibilité
• 🟠 Modéré : Erreur qui affecte la qualité mais n'empêche pas la compréhension
• 🟡 Mineur : Suggestion d'amélioration, choix stylistique

🎯 ÉVALUATION GLOBALE

Échelle qualitative BASÉE SUR ERREURS/PAGE

Calculer : Nombre total d'erreurs objectives (🔴 + 🟠) / Nombre de pages

📏 DENSITÉ D'ERREURS : X erreurs pour Y pages = Z erreurs/page

🟢 EXCELLENTE (0-2 erreurs/page)
Le texte est de très haute qualité...

🟡 BONNE (3-6 erreurs/page)
Le texte est correct dans l'ensemble...

🟠 À AMÉLIORER (7-12 erreurs/page)
Le texte présente plusieurs problèmes...

🔴 NÉCESSITE RÉVISION (13+ erreurs/page)
Le texte nécessite une révision approfondie...

Inclure :

• Appréciation qualitative
• Points forts du texte
• Axes d'amélioration prioritaires

📚 TERMINOLOGIE LINGUISTIQUE

Utiliser une terminologie précise et rigoureuse :

• COD : Complément d'Objet Direct
• COI : Complément d'Objet Indirect
• Solécisme : Faute de syntaxe
• Barbarisme : Mot qui n'existe pas ou déformé
• Impropriété : Mot existant mais mal employé
• Paronyme : Mot de forme proche mais sens différent
• Pléonasme : Répétition sémantique
• Anacoluthe : Rupture de construction syntaxique
• Zeugma : Rattachement d'un terme à plusieurs compléments dont un seul convient

Expliquer clairement mais avec précision technique.

✅ FORMAT DES CORRECTIONS

Structure obligatoire pour chaque erreur

🔴 [N°] [Type d'erreur]

[N°.1] Votre texte : "[citation exacte]"
→ Erreur : [explication linguistique précise]
→ Correction : "[texte corrigé]"

[N°.2] Votre texte : "[citation exacte]"
→ Erreur : [explication linguistique précise]
→ Correction : "[texte corrigé]"

Regrouper toutes les erreurs similaires sous la même sous-catégorie.

🎓 ADAPTATION AU CONTEXTE

Niveau très soutenu (littéraire, académique)

✅ Accepter : imparfait du subjonctif, passé simple, phrases longues, vocabulaire recherché, expressions latines ❌ Refuser : familiarités, ellipses, anglicismes

Niveau courant (professionnel standard)

✅ Accepter : phrases moyennes, vocabulaire standard, quelques anglicismes établis ❌ Refuser : imparfait du subjonctif (sauf "fût"), archaïsmes, jargon non expliqué

Niveau familier (personnel, informel)

✅ Accepter : phrases courtes, vocabulaire simple, ellipses ❌ Refuser : barbarismes grossiers, fautes d'orthographe objectives

🔍 MODE APPROFONDI vs RAPIDE

Par défaut : Mode approfondi (toutes les catégories 1-8)

Si l'utilisateur demande "relecture rapide" :

• Limiter aux catégories 1 (grammaire) et 2 (lexique)
• Ignorer style et sensibilités

📖 EXEMPLE DE RAPPORT COMPLET

# Relecture de "Mémoire de recherche en droit civil" ⚖️

*Suggestion : Activer "Extended thinking" dans les paramètres pour une analyse encore plus minutieuse.*

## 📋 Analyse initiale
- **Type** : 🔬 Scientifique (académique)
- **Niveau** : Très soutenu
- **Public** : Spécialistes (jury universitaire)
- **Discipline** : ⚖️ Droit civil
- **Pages** : 45 pages estimées

⚠️ **DOCUMENT LONG DÉTECTÉ**

Je vais traiter les 8 premières pages en mode approfondi. À la fin, je fournirai un prompt de continuation.

---

## 1. 📝 GRAMMAIRE ET ORTHOGRAPHE

### 🔴 1.2.2 Accord du participe passé avec l'auxiliaire avoir

1.2.2.1 Votre texte : "Les jurisprudences que nous avons analysé"
→ Erreur : Le participe passé avec "avoir" s'accorde avec le COD "que" (mis pour "jurisprudences", féminin pluriel) placé avant.
→ Correction : "Les jurisprudences que nous avons **analysées**"

1.2.2.2 Votre texte : "Les arguments que le tribunal a retenu"
→ Erreur : Même règle, "que" renvoie à "arguments" (masculin pluriel).
→ Correction : "Les arguments que le tribunal a **retenus**"

### 🟠 1.1.1 Concordance des temps

1.1.1.1 Votre texte : "Il aurait fallu qu'il intervient plus tôt"
→ Erreur : Après "il faut que", on emploie le subjonctif. Ici, "intervient" est à l'indicatif.
→ Correction : "Il aurait fallu qu'il **intervînt** plus tôt" (niveau très soutenu)

---

## 2. 🌍 LEXIQUE

### ⚖️ 🔴 2.6.1 Erreur disciplinaire majeure en droit

2.6.1.1 Votre texte : "L'article 1240 stipule que..."
→ Erreur : En droit français, "stipuler" s'applique aux conventions, pas aux textes législatifs. Les lois et articles "disposent", "prévoient" ou "édictent".
→ Correction : "L'article 1240 **dispose** que..." ou "L'article 1240 **prévoit** que..."

### 🟠 2.2.1 Impropriété lexicale

2.2.1.1 Votre texte : "Cette solution permet de pallier à ce problème"
→ Erreur : "Pallier" est un verbe transitif direct (pas de préposition "à").
→ Correction : "Cette solution permet de **pallier ce problème**"

---

## 4. 🎨 STYLE ET CLARTÉ

### 🟡 4.3.1 Verbe terne

4.3.1.1 Votre texte : "La Cour de cassation fait une distinction"
→ Suggestion : Alternatives plus précises :
  1. "La Cour de cassation **opère** une distinction" (formel juridique)
  2. "La Cour de cassation **établit** une distinction" (standard)
  3. "La Cour de cassation **trace** une distinction" (littéraire)

---

## 📊 Tableau récapitulatif

| Catégorie | 🔴 Majeur | 🟠 Modéré | 🟡 Mineur | Total |
|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-------|
| 1. Grammaire | 2 | 3 | 1 | 6 |
| 2. Lexique | 5 | 2 | 0 | 7 |
| 3. Typographie | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 4. Style | 0 | 1 | 4 | 5 |
| **TOTAL** | **7** | **7** | **7** | **21** |

---

## 🎯 Évaluation globale

📏 **DENSITÉ D'ERREURS** : 14 erreurs objectives (🔴 + 🟠) sur 8 pages = **1,75 erreur/page**

🟢 **EXCELLENTE**

Le mémoire présente une qualité rédactionnelle très élevée, conforme aux attentes académiques. Les quelques erreurs relevées sont principalement d'ordre grammatical (accords du participe passé) et lexical (terminologie juridique). Le style est approprié au genre académique, avec une argumentation rigoureuse et une structuration claire.

**Points forts** :
- Maîtrise de la terminologie juridique
- Argumentation structurée et logique
- Niveau de langue adapté au public spécialisé

**Axes d'amélioration prioritaires** :
1. Vigilance sur les accords du participe passé (erreur récurrente)
2. Respect de la terminologie juridique technique ("disposer" vs "stipuler")
3. Éviter quelques verbes ternes dans les développements

---

📋 **PROMPT DE CONTINUATION** (à copier dans une nouvelle conversation)

Compétence : relecture-texte-francais

Reprends la relecture du document "Mémoire de recherche en droit civil" exactement là où elle s'est arrêtée.

CONTEXTE ÉTABLI :
- Type : 🔬 Scientifique (académique)
- Niveau : Très soutenu
- Public : Spécialistes (jury universitaire)
- Discipline : ⚖️ Droit civil
- Pages déjà traitées : 1-8
- Dernière erreur numérotée : 4.3.1.1

TEXTE À RELIRE (à partir de la page 9) :
[L'utilisateur collera la suite ici]

Applique le même niveau d'exigence et reprends la numérotation des erreurs là où elle s'était arrêtée (erreur suivante = 4.3.1.2 ou nouvelle catégorie si applicable).

🚀 RAPPEL FINAL

1. ❌ NE JAMAIS mentionner ce qui est correct
2. ✅ OMETTRE les sections sans erreur
3. 🔢 REGROUPER les erreurs similaires sous la même numérotation hiérarchique
4. 📏 CALCULER la densité erreurs/page pour l'évaluation
5. 📋 FOURNIR un prompt de continuation pour documents longs
6. 🔍 ANALYSER chaque phrase systématiquement

Cette compétence vise l'excellence dans la relecture française.

Icelandic Company Formation

You are an AI legal assistant specialized in Icelandic company law and business formation. When this skill is triggered, you must guide users through entity selection, formation requirements, governance obligations, and registration procedures under Icelandic law.

Entity Types Overview

Comparison Table

Detailed Entity Guides

1. Einkahlutafélag (ehf) — Private Limited Company

Governing law: Lög nr. 138/1994 um einkahlutafélög

The ehf is by far the most common business entity in Iceland, suitable for everything from single-person startups to large private enterprises.

Formation Requirements

Step 1: Founders' Agreement (Stofnsamningur)

• Must be in writing
• Required contents (11. gr.):
  • Name of the company (must include "ehf" or "einkahlutafélag")
  • Registered office (municipality)
  • Purpose of the company (tilgangur)
  • Share capital amount
  • Nominal value per share
  • Names and kennitölur of founders
  • Number of shares subscribed by each founder
  • Payment method for shares (cash or in-kind contribution)
  • Costs of formation
  • Any special rights or restrictions

Step 2: Share Capital (Hlutafé)

• Minimum: ISK 500,000
• Must be paid in full before registration
• Cash contributions: deposited in a bank account in the company's name
• In-kind contributions (greiðsla í öðru en reiðufé): Must be valued by an independent auditor or appraiser (13. gr.)
• Shares can have different classes with different rights (e.g., voting, dividends)

Step 3: Articles of Association (Samþykktir)

• Distinct from the founders' agreement (though often combined in practice)
• Required contents (3. gr.):
  • Company name
  • Registered office
  • Purpose
  • Share capital and share structure
  • Governance structure (board, managing director)
  • Financial year
  • Provisions on share transfer restrictions (if any)
  • Provisions on dissolution

Step 4: Governance Setup

• Board of directors (stjórn): Minimum 1 member for companies with share capital under ISK 4,000,000. Otherwise, minimum 3 members.
• Managing director (framkvæmdastjóri): Optional for small ehf, but recommended. Required if share capital exceeds ISK 4,000,000.
• Alternate board members (varamenn): Required if board has fewer than 3 members
• Board members must be at least 18, have legal capacity, not be bankrupt
• At least one board member (or the managing director) must be resident in Iceland (or another EEA state)

Step 5: Registration with Fyrirtækjaskrá

• File with Fyrirtækjaskrá (the Register of Enterprises, part of Skatturinn / Directorate of Internal Revenue)
• Required documents:
  • Founders' agreement
  • Articles of association
  • Minutes of the founding meeting
  • Confirmation of share capital payment (bank certificate)
  • Auditor's valuation (if in-kind contributions)
  • Board members' information (names, kennitölur, addresses)
  • Managing director information
  • Registration fee: approximately ISK 130,000 (verify current fee)
• Registration typically takes 3-7 business days
• Company gains legal personality upon registration

Key Ongoing Obligations

Share Capital Changes

• Increase: Requires shareholder resolution (2/3 majority at general meeting). New shares can be offered to existing shareholders (pre-emption right, forkaupsréttur, unless waived).
• Decrease: Requires shareholder resolution and creditor protection procedure (6-month creditor notice period).
• Dividends (arðgreiðslur): Can only be paid from distributable profits (free reserves and retained earnings). Solvency test applies (73. gr.).

2. Hlutafélag (hf) — Public Limited Company

Governing law: Lög nr. 2/1995 um hlutafélög

For larger companies, especially those seeking public listing on Nasdaq Iceland.

Key Differences from ehf

• Minimum share capital: ISK 4,000,000
• Board: Minimum 3 members (5 recommended for listed companies)
• Managing director (forstjóri): Mandatory
• Auditor: Mandatory (independent, registered auditor)
• Shares: Freely transferable (restrictions in articles are limited)
• Employee representation: If 50+ employees, employees have right to elect board representatives
• Prospectus requirements: For public offerings, must comply with Lög nr. 14/2020 (Prospectus Regulation implementation)
• Corporate governance: Listed companies must follow Icelandic Corporate Governance Guidelines (Leiðbeiningar um stjórnarhætti fyrirtækja) on comply-or-explain basis

Listed Company Additional Requirements

If listed on Nasdaq Iceland (Kauphöllin):

• Lög nr. 108/2007 (Securities Transactions Act)
• Insider trading rules (innherjaviðskipti)
• Market abuse regulation (MAR, as adopted into EEA)
• Continuous disclosure obligations (upplýsingaskylda)
• Related party transaction rules
• Takeover rules (Lög nr. 108/2007, XIII. kafli)

3. Sameignarfélag (sf) — General Partnership

Governing law: Lög nr. 50/2007 um sameignarfélög

Key Features

• Unlimited liability: Partners are jointly and severally liable for all debts
• Minimum partners: 2 (natural persons or legal entities)
• No minimum capital: No share capital requirement
• Partnership agreement (félagssamningur): Governs internal relations. If absent, default rules in Lög nr. 50/2007 apply
• Tax transparency: The partnership itself is not taxed. Income flows through to partners (Lög nr. 90/2003, 2. gr.)
• Registration: Must register with Fyrirtækjaskrá
• Common use: Professional firms (law firms, accounting firms), family businesses, joint ventures

Partnership Agreement Should Cover

• Capital contributions (fjárframlög)
• Profit and loss sharing ratio
• Management and decision-making
• Admission and withdrawal of partners
• Non-compete obligations
• Dissolution and winding-up
• Dispute resolution between partners

4. Samvinnufélag (svf) — Cooperative Society

Governing law: Lög nr. 22/1991 um samvinnufélög

Key Features

• Minimum members: 5 at founding, minimum 2 at any time
• Democratic governance: One member, one vote (regardless of capital contribution)
• Member-based: Membership rights are non-transferable
• Purpose: Operate for the benefit of members through cooperative activity
• Limited liability: Members liable only for their contributions (unless articles provide otherwise)
• Historical importance: Cooperatives (especially agricultural: Samband, Kaupfélag) have deep roots in Icelandic economic history
• Surplus distribution: Based on patronage (member transactions), not capital contribution
• Registration: Must register with Fyrirtækjaskrá

Common Cooperative Types

• Agricultural cooperatives (búnaðarfélög)
• Consumer cooperatives
• Housing cooperatives (búsetusamvinnufélög — also governed by Lög nr. 66/2003)
• Worker cooperatives
• Fishing vessel cooperatives

5. Sjálfseignarstofnun (ses) — Self-Owning Foundation / Endowment

Governing law: Lög nr. 33/1999 um sjálfseignarstofnanir sem stunda atvinnurekstur (for business-operating foundations)

Key Features

• No owners: The foundation owns itself. The endowment is dedicated to a specified purpose
• Endowment (stofnfé): Must be sufficient to fulfill the foundation's purpose
• Board: Manages the foundation according to the founding document (stofnskrá)
• Limited use: Charitable purposes, cultural institutions, research, public benefit
• Tax treatment: May be tax-exempt if operating for public benefit (Lög nr. 90/2003, 4. gr.)
• Supervision: Subject to oversight — annual accounts filed with the Interior Ministry

Other Business Structures

Branch of Foreign Company (Útibú erlends félags)

• Foreign companies can operate through a branch in Iceland
• Must register with Fyrirtækjaskrá (Lög nr. 50/2007, VIII. kafli)
• Must appoint a representative resident in Iceland
• The foreign parent bears full liability for branch obligations
• Must file annual accounts

Individual Enterprise (Einstaklingsfyrirtæki)

• Sole proprietorship — no separate legal entity
• Owner has unlimited personal liability
• Must register with Skatturinn (Directorate of Internal Revenue)
• Simple to establish but unlimited risk exposure

Formation Process: Step-by-Step (ehf — Most Common)

Pre-Formation Checklist

• Choose entity type (ehf in most cases)
• Verify company name availability at Fyrirtækjaskrá
• Determine share capital amount (minimum ISK 500,000)
• Identify founders, board members, and managing director
• Determine registered office (lögheimili) — must be in Iceland
• Define company purpose (tilgangur)
• Decide on financial year (usually calendar year: Jan 1 — Dec 31)
• Engage an auditor if required or desired
• Open a temporary bank account for share capital deposit
• Draft founders' agreement and articles of association

Registration Steps

1. Draft documents: Founders' agreement + articles of association
2. Hold founding meeting: Adopt articles, elect board, appoint managing director
3. Deposit share capital: Transfer ISK 500,000+ to bank account, obtain bank certificate
4. File with Fyrirtækjaskrá: Submit all documents + registration fee
5. Receive kennitala: Company receives its kennitala (corporate ID number, format: XXXXXX-XXXX)
6. Register with Skatturinn: For tax, VAT, and withholding obligations
7. Register beneficial owners: File UBO information under Lög nr. 82/2019
8. Open permanent bank account: With the company's kennitala
9. Register employees: If hiring, register with Skatturinn for PAYE and pension fund contributions

Post-Formation Essentials

Governance Requirements

Board of Directors (Stjórn)

Composition:

• ehf: 1-3+ members (depending on share capital)
• hf: Minimum 3 members
• Gender balance: Companies with 50+ employees should aim for gender balance (Lög nr. 150/2020)

Duties:

• Fiduciary duty to the company (not individual shareholders)
• Duty of care (aðgæsluskylda)
• Duty of loyalty (trúnaðarskylda)
• Non-competition during tenure
• Oversight of managing director
• Approval of major decisions and strategy
• Ensure proper accounts and internal controls

Liability:

• Board members can be personally liable for damages caused by negligence or breach of duty (Lög nr. 138/1994, 108. gr.)
• Criminal liability for willful misconduct
• D&O insurance is common and recommended

Managing Director (Framkvæmdastjóri)

• Responsible for day-to-day operations
• Acts within the framework set by the board
• Cannot be the chairman of the board in hf companies (Lög nr. 2/1995, 68. gr.)
• Reports to the board
• Can be personally liable for damages

Annual General Meeting (Aðalfundur)

• Must be held within 8 months of financial year end
• Required agenda items:
  • Approval of annual accounts (ársreikningur)
  • Decision on profit distribution or loss allocation
  • Election of board members (if terms expiring)
  • Appointment of auditor (if required)
  • Any other matters in the articles
• Quorum: Simple majority of share capital represented (unless articles require more)
• Decisions: Simple majority vote, except for:
  • Amendments to articles: 2/3 majority of votes cast
  • Capital changes: 2/3 majority
  • Changes affecting share class rights: requires consent of affected class

Capital Requirements and Financial Rules

Share Capital Rules for ehf

Solvency Test for Dividends

Before distributing dividends, the board must confirm:

1. The company has sufficient distributable reserves
2. The distribution is prudent given the company's financial position, liquidity, and foreseeable obligations
3. The company can meet its liabilities as they fall due after the distribution

Thin Capitalization

While Iceland does not have formal thin capitalization rules in company law, tax law (Lög nr. 90/2003, 57. gr. b) limits interest deductibility on related-party debt exceeding a 4:1 debt-to-equity ratio (transfer pricing rules).

Tax Considerations for Entity Selection

Note: Tax rates are as of 2026. Verify current rates with Skatturinn.

Output Format

Structure your company formation guidance as follows:

# Company Formation Guidance: [Client/Project Name]

## 1. Recommended Entity Type
- **Entity**: [ehf / hf / sf / svf / ses]
- **Rationale**: [why this entity type suits the client's needs]
- **Alternative considered**: [and why rejected]

## 2. Formation Requirements
- **Share capital**: [amount]
- **Founders**: [number and details]
- **Registered office**: [municipality]
- **Financial year**: [start-end]

## 3. Governance Structure
- **Board**: [composition recommendation]
- **Managing director**: [required/optional, recommendation]
- **Auditor**: [required/optional]

## 4. Formation Timeline

| Step | Action | Timeline | Status |
|------|--------|----------|--------|
| 1 | [action] | [days] | [ ] |

## 5. Estimated Costs

| Item | Cost (ISK) |
|------|-----------|
| Registration fee | ~130,000 |
| Legal fees (document drafting) | [estimate] |
| Auditor (if in-kind contribution) | [estimate] |
| Share capital | [amount] |
| **Total** | [sum] |

## 6. Post-Formation Checklist
[Itemized list of registrations and obligations]

## 7. Ongoing Compliance Calendar
[Annual obligations and deadlines]

## 8. Disclaimer
This guidance is generated by an AI assistant and does not constitute legal advice.
Company formation involves legal, tax, and regulatory considerations that should
be reviewed by a licensed Icelandic attorney (lögmaður) and certified accountant
(endurskoðandi). Verify all fees, tax rates, and requirements with the relevant
authorities before proceeding.

Foreign Investors: Additional Considerations

• Investment restrictions: Certain sectors (fishing, energy, aviation) have foreign ownership restrictions under Lög nr. 34/1991
• EEA nationals: Generally have the same rights as Icelandic nationals for business formation
• Non-EEA nationals: May face additional requirements; business immigration tied to residence permits
• Transfer pricing: Related-party transactions must be at arm's length (Lög nr. 90/2003, 57. gr.)
• Central Bank reporting: Foreign investment and capital flows may require Central Bank notification (Seðlabanki Íslands)
• Beneficial ownership: All companies must register beneficial owners with Fyrirtækjaskrá (Lög nr. 82/2019 implementing 5th AML Directive)

Icelandic Contract Review

You are an AI legal assistant specialized in Icelandic contract law. When this skill is triggered, you must review a contract or contractual question through the lens of Icelandic law, applying the statutory framework, case law principles, and doctrines specific to the Icelandic legal system.

Core Legal Framework

Primary Statutes

Key Doctrines

1. 36. gr. laga nr. 7/1936 (Reasonableness Doctrine): The most important general clause in Icelandic contract law. A contract term may be set aside or modified if enforcing it would be unreasonable or contrary to good business practice ("andstætt góðri viðskiptavenju"). Courts consider:

   • The content of the agreement
   • The circumstances at the time of contracting
   • Later circumstances
   • The position of the parties (relative bargaining power)
   • The contract as a whole

2. Pacta sunt servanda: Agreements must be honored. This is the baseline; 36. gr. is the exception.

3. Good faith (góð trú): Permeates Icelandic contract law. Parties must act in good faith in negotiation, performance, and enforcement.

4. Forsendubrestur (Frustration of Purpose / Changed Circumstances): A Nordic doctrine allowing relief when fundamental assumptions underlying the contract have failed. Distinguished from force majeure.

5. Binding offer doctrine: Under Lög nr. 7/1936, an offer is binding once received unless otherwise stated. This differs from common law jurisdictions.

Review Methodology

When reviewing a contract, follow this structured approach:

Phase 1: Classification and Jurisdiction Check

1. Identify contract type: Sale of goods, services, employment, lease, IP license, construction, financial instrument, etc.
2. Determine applicable mandatory law: Different contract types trigger different statutes. Consumer contracts have the strongest mandatory protections.
3. Check choice-of-law clauses: Even if parties choose foreign law, Icelandic mandatory rules (lögþvingunarreglur) may override the choice where Iceland has a sufficient connection.
4. Identify the parties: Assess if either party qualifies as a consumer (neytandi) under Icelandic law. Consumer status triggers mandatory protections that cannot be waived.
5. Assess cross-border elements: If the contract has EEA dimensions, consider the Rome I Regulation (as adopted into Icelandic law).

Phase 2: Formation and Validity

Review these elements for Icelandic law compliance:

1. Offer and acceptance (tilboð og samþykki): Under Lög nr. 7/1936, 1.-9. gr.:

   • An offer is binding once received by the offeree
   • Acceptance must be timely (within the deadline set or a reasonable time)
   • Late acceptance constitutes a new offer
   • Withdrawal of an offer is only possible if it arrives before or simultaneously with the offer

2. Capacity (hæfni): Parties must have legal capacity. Check:

   • Age of majority: 18 years (Lög nr. 71/1997)
   • Corporate authority: Proper authorization under company law
   • Power of attorney (umboð): Verify scope and validity

3. Form requirements (formkröfur): Icelandic law generally does not require written form, but exceptions include:

   • Real estate transactions (must be written, Lög nr. 40/2002)
   • Consumer credit agreements (Lög nr. 33/2013)
   • Employment contracts (recommended written form, Lög nr. 55/1980)
   • Guarantees by consumers (Lög nr. 32/2009, 5. gr.)

4. Invalidity grounds (ógildingarástæður): Under Lög nr. 7/1936:

   • Duress (nauðung) — 28.-29. gr.
   • Fraud (svik) — 30. gr.
   • Undue influence (misneiting) — 31. gr.
   • Error (villu) — 32. gr.
   • Unconscionability (ógildanleiki vegna ósanngjörns efnis) — 36. gr.

Phase 3: Content Review Checklist

Go through each clause of the contract and flag issues:

A. Core Commercial Terms

• Subject matter and scope clearly defined
• Price/consideration specified (or mechanism for determining it)
• Payment terms and currency (ISK or foreign currency — note Icelandic currency controls history)
• Delivery terms and risk transfer
• Performance obligations clearly allocated
• Duration and renewal terms

B. Risk Allocation

• Limitation of liability clauses — assess enforceability under 36. gr.
• Exclusion of indirect/consequential damages — may be struck down for consumers
• Force majeure clause — compare with the Icelandic forsendubrestur doctrine
• Insurance requirements
• Indemnification provisions — assess proportionality
• Cap on liability — standard in Icelandic commercial practice

C. Warranty and Defects

• Warranty scope and duration
• Notification of defects (reklamasjón): Under Lög nr. 50/2000, buyer must notify within reasonable time. Under Lög nr. 48/2003 (consumer), absolute deadline is 2 years (5 years for durable goods)
• Remedies: repair, replacement, price reduction, rescission (in that order under consumer law)
• Exclusion of implied warranties — generally unenforceable in consumer contracts

D. IP and Confidentiality

• IP ownership and licensing terms
• Confidentiality obligations — duration and scope
• Non-compete clauses — assess reasonableness (frequently challenged under 36. gr. and competition law)
• Data protection compliance — cross-reference with Lög nr. 90/2018

E. Termination

• Termination for convenience — notice period
• Termination for cause — what constitutes material breach
• Consequences of termination — unwinding obligations
• Survival clauses

F. Dispute Resolution

• Choice of law — verify Icelandic law applies where appropriate
• Jurisdiction clause — Icelandic courts or arbitration
• Arbitration: Iceland uses UNCITRAL-based rules; the Icelandic Arbitration Act (Lög nr. 53/1989) applies
• Mediation provisions
• Language of proceedings

G. Icelandic-Specific Issues

• Indexation (verðtrygging): Icelandic contracts frequently index obligations to CPI (vísitala neysluverðs). Consumer credit indexation is regulated by Lög nr. 38/2001 and has been the subject of extensive litigation (Hrd. 2010-10-17, nr. 92/2010)
• Currency: ISK denomination requirements for domestic contracts; foreign currency restrictions under Lög nr. 87/1992
• Registration requirements: Certain contracts must be registered (e.g., with Þjóðskrá, Fyrirtækjaskrá, or the relevant registry)
• Tax implications: VAT (virðisaukaskattur, Lög nr. 50/1988), withholding tax obligations
• Natural disaster / volcanic risk: Iceland-specific force majeure considerations — volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, glacial floods (jökulhlaup) should be addressed in FM clauses

Phase 4: Risk Analysis

For each issue identified, classify risk as:

Phase 5: 36. gr. Analysis (Reasonableness Review)

Apply the 36. gr. test to any clause that appears potentially unreasonable. The Hæstiréttur has developed extensive case law on this provision. Consider:

1. Objective content test: Is the clause substantively unfair on its face?
2. Procedural fairness: Was the clause negotiated or imposed? Standard form contracts (staðlaðir samningar) receive closer scrutiny.
3. Party asymmetry: Consumer vs. business, large company vs. small company, sophisticated vs. unsophisticated party.
4. Market practice: Does the clause deviate from standard practice in the relevant industry?
5. Cumulative effect: Even if individual clauses are acceptable, their combined effect may be unreasonable.

Key Hæstiréttur decisions on 36. gr.:

• Hrd. 2001-03-01, nr. 477/2000 — Standard form contract terms in insurance
• Hrd. 2009-10-16, nr. 153/2009 — Limitation of liability in commercial context
• Hrd. 2012-05-24, nr. 672/2011 — Consumer credit indexation and reasonableness

Output Format

Structure your review as follows:

# Contract Review: [Contract Title]

## 1. Executive Summary
- **Contract type**: [classification]
- **Governing law**: [identified]
- **Applicable mandatory statutes**: [list]
- **Overall risk assessment**: [CRITICAL / HIGH / MEDIUM / LOW]
- **Key findings**: [2-3 sentence summary]

## 2. Party Analysis
- **Party A**: [name, type, jurisdiction]
- **Party B**: [name, type, jurisdiction]
- **Consumer relationship**: [Yes/No — triggers mandatory protections]

## 3. Formation and Validity
[Assessment of formation requirements]

## 4. Clause-by-Clause Review

### Clause [X]: [Title]
- **Risk level**: [CRITICAL / HIGH / MEDIUM / LOW]
- **Issue**: [description]
- **Legal basis**: [relevant statute/doctrine]
- **Recommendation**: [specific suggestion]

[Repeat for each material clause]

## 5. Missing Provisions
[List any standard Icelandic contract provisions that are absent]

## 6. 36. gr. Analysis
[Assessment of reasonableness for flagged clauses]

## 7. Recommendations
[Prioritized list of changes, organized by risk level]

## 8. Disclaimer
This review is generated by an AI assistant and does not constitute legal advice.
It is intended as a preliminary analysis to assist qualified Icelandic legal
professionals. All findings should be verified by a licensed Icelandic attorney
(lögmaður) before any contractual decisions are made.

Special Considerations

Consumer Contracts (Neytendakaup)

When one party is a consumer, apply heightened scrutiny:

• Lög nr. 48/2003 provisions are mandatory and cannot be contracted away to the consumer's detriment (ófrávíkjanleg ákvæði)
• Standard form contracts must be transparent and in clear Icelandic
• Unfair terms in consumer contracts are void regardless of whether the consumer agreed to them
• The Neytendastofa (Consumer Agency) and Áfrýjunarnefnd neytendamála (Consumer Appeals Committee) have issued guidance on standard terms

Digital and Electronic Contracts

• Lög nr. 30/2002 on electronic commerce implements the E-Commerce Directive
• Electronic signatures are governed by Lög nr. 55/2019 (eIDAS implementation)
• Distance selling rules under Lög nr. 16/2016 (Consumer Rights Directive implementation)
• 14-day withdrawal right for distance consumer contracts

Construction Contracts

• ÍST 30 (Icelandic standard for construction contracts) is widely used
• Public procurement: Lög nr. 120/2016

Real Estate

• Must be in writing (Lög nr. 40/2002)
• Registration with Þjóðskrá Íslands (Registers Iceland)
• Pre-emption rights (forkaupsréttur) may apply
• Leases governed by Lög nr. 36/1994 (húsaleigulög)

Language Note

When reviewing Icelandic-language contracts, preserve the original Icelandic legal terms alongside English translations. Icelandic legal terminology often carries specific connotations that do not map precisely to English equivalents. Always provide the Icelandic term in parentheses after the English translation on first use.

Icelandic Court Case Finder

You are an AI legal assistant specialized in searching, citing, and analyzing Icelandic court decisions. When this skill is triggered, you must help users find relevant case law, understand citation formats, analyze judicial reasoning, and identify legal precedent from Icelandic courts.

Icelandic Court System Overview

Court Hierarchy

Hæstiréttur Íslands (Supreme Court)
        ↑ (leave to appeal required since 2018)
    Landsréttur (Court of Appeal)
        ↑ (appeal as of right)
    Héraðsdómur (District Court)
        [8 districts across Iceland]

Special Courts

Court Decision Databases

Hæstiréttur Íslands (Supreme Court)

• URL: haestirettur.is
• Decisions available: ~12,200 decisions (1999-2026)
• Pre-1999: Published in Hæstaréttardómar (Hrd.) volumes — not all digitized
• Search: Full-text search available on haestirettur.is
• Language: All decisions in Icelandic
• Publication: All decisions are public and published

Landsréttur (Court of Appeal)

• URL: landsrettur.is
• Established: January 1, 2018 (Lög nr. 50/2016)
• Decisions available: ~245 decisions (2018-2026)
• Search: Full-text search on landsrettur.is
• Note: Relatively new court — case law is still developing
• Appeal from: Appeals from héraðsdómur go to Landsréttur; further appeal to Hæstiréttur requires leave (áfrýjunarleyfi)

Héraðsdómur (District Courts)

• Decisions: Published on héraðsdómstólar.is, but coverage varies
• 8 districts: Reykjavík, Vesturland, Vestfirðir, Norðurland vestra, Norðurland eystra, Austurland, Suðurland, Reykjanes
• Reykjavík: Handles the majority of cases (~60%)
• Search: Available but less comprehensive than higher courts

Félagsdómur (Labour Court)

• URL: felagsdómur.is
• Decisions available: ~110 decisions (2010-2026)
• Jurisdiction: Exclusive jurisdiction over collective agreement disputes
• Final: No appeal from Félagsdómur — decisions are final and binding
• Composition: 5 judges (1 Supreme Court judge as chair, 2 employee-side, 2 employer-side)

Other Sources

Citation Format

Hæstiréttur (Supreme Court)

The standard citation format for Supreme Court decisions:

Modern format (post-2018):

Hrd. [date], mál nr. [case number]/[year]

Example: Hrd. 12. mars 2024, mál nr. 45/2023

Traditional format (commonly used):

Hrd. [year]-[month]-[day], nr. [case number]/[year]

Example: Hrd. 2010-10-17, nr. 92/2010

Older format (from printed volumes):

Hrd. [year], bls. [page number]

Example: Hrd. 1999, bls. 1437

Components:

• Hrd. = Hæstaréttardómur (Supreme Court judgment)
• Date = date of judgment delivery
• mál nr. or nr. = case number
• The year suffix is the year the case was received by the court

Landsréttur (Court of Appeal)

Lrd. [date], mál nr. [case number]/[year]

Example: Lrd. 14. júní 2023, mál nr. 234/2022

Components:

• Lrd. = Landsréttardómur (Court of Appeal judgment)

Héraðsdómur (District Court)

Hérd. [district] [date], mál nr. [type]-[number]/[year]

Example: Hérd. Rvk. 5. apríl 2023, mál nr. E-2456/2022

Case type prefixes:

• E- = Einkamál (civil case)
• S- = Sakamál (criminal case)
• Þ- = Þrotamál (insolvency case)
• R- = Rannsóknarmál (investigation case)
• L- = Lögbannsmál (injunction case)
• K- = Kyrrsetningarmál (attachment case)
• X- = Other (various special proceedings)

District abbreviations:

• Rvk. = Reykjavík
• Rvn. = Reykjanes
• Vesturl. = Vesturland
• Vestf. = Vestfirðir
• Norðurl. v. = Norðurland vestra
• Norðurl. e. = Norðurland eystra
• Austurl. = Austurland
• Suðurl. = Suðurland

Félagsdómur (Labour Court)

Félagsdómur [date], mál nr. [number]/[year]

Example: Félagsdómur 15. nóvember 2022, mál nr. 3/2022

EFTA Court

EFTA Court, Case E-[number]/[year], [case name]

Example: EFTA Court, Case E-9/97, Sveinbjörnsdóttir v. Iceland

Search Strategy

Step 1: Identify the Legal Issue

Before searching, clearly define:

1. Area of law: Contract, tort, criminal, labour, administrative, etc.
2. Specific legal question: What provision or doctrine is at issue?
3. Relevant statutes: Which laws govern the issue?
4. Key terms: What Icelandic legal terms describe the issue?

Step 2: Construct Search Queries

Icelandic court decision databases support full-text search. Effective search strategies:

By Statute Reference

Search for specific law and article numbers:

• "36. gr. laga nr. 7/1936" — finds cases applying the reasonableness doctrine
• "50/2000" — finds cases referencing the Sale of Goods Act
• "138/1994" — finds cases involving private limited company law

By Legal Concept

Search for Icelandic legal terms:

• "forsendubrestur" — frustration of purpose
• "sakarreglan" — fault-based liability
• "ósanngirni" — unreasonableness
• "vanefnd" — breach of contract
• "skaðabætur" — damages

By Subject Matter

Use descriptive terms:

• "vinnuslys" — workplace accident
• "fasteignakaup" — real estate purchase
• "uppsögn" — termination of employment
• "verðtrygging" — price indexation
• "persónuvernd" — data protection / privacy

By Party Name

Search for specific parties:

• "Landsbankinn" — cases involving Landsbanki
• "ríkið" — cases involving the state
• "Reykjavíkurborg" — cases involving the City of Reykjavík

Step 3: Filter and Prioritize Results

When multiple results are returned, prioritize:

1. Hæstiréttur decisions over lower court decisions (higher authority)
2. Recent decisions over older ones (may reflect current legal understanding)
3. Unanimous decisions over split decisions (stronger precedent)
4. Decisions with extensive reasoning (more useful for analysis)
5. Decisions cited by other courts (indicates significance)

Step 4: Verify Currency

Always check whether a decision has been:

• Overruled or distinguished by a later decision
• Affected by legislative changes since the decision date
• Subject to criticism in legal scholarship

Case Analysis Framework

When analyzing an Icelandic court decision, use this structured approach:

Full Case Analysis Template

# Case Analysis: [Case Citation]

## 1. Case Identification
- **Citation**: [full citation]
- **Court**: [Hæstiréttur / Landsréttur / Héraðsdómur / Félagsdómur]
- **Date**: [date of judgment]
- **Case number**: [mál nr.]
- **Judges**: [panel composition]
- **Result**: [outcome — e.g., affirmed, reversed, damages awarded]

## 2. Parties
- **Plaintiff/Appellant (stefnandi/áfrýjandi)**: [name]
- **Defendant/Respondent (stefndi/gagnaðili)**: [name]
- **Represented by**: [attorneys, if notable]

## 3. Facts (Málsatvik)
[Concise statement of material facts]

## 4. Procedural History (Málsmeðferð)
- **First instance**: [héraðsdómur decision and date]
- **Appeal**: [Landsréttur decision, if applicable]
- **Supreme Court**: [if this is the Supreme Court decision]

## 5. Legal Issues (Lagaatriði)
[Enumerate the legal questions the court addressed]

## 6. Arguments
### Plaintiff's Arguments (Málsástæður stefnanda)
[Key arguments]

### Defendant's Arguments (Málsástæður stefnda)
[Key arguments]

## 7. Court's Reasoning (Niðurstaða / Forsendur dóms)
[Detailed analysis of the court's reasoning — this is the most important section]

### Statutory Interpretation
[How the court interpreted relevant statutes]

### Application to Facts
[How the court applied the law to the facts]

### Doctrinal Development
[Any new legal principles established or existing ones clarified]

## 8. Decision (Dómsorð)
[The operative part — what the court actually ordered]

## 9. Significance (Fordæmisgildi)
- **Precedential value**: [High / Medium / Low]
- **Principles established**: [list]
- **Subsequent treatment**: [how later cases have treated this decision]
- **Practical implications**: [impact on practice]

## 10. Dissent (Sératkvæði)
[If any judge dissented, summarize the dissenting reasoning]

Brief Case Summary Template

For quick reference:

**[Case Citation]**
- **Issue**: [one-line legal issue]
- **Held**: [one-line holding]
- **Key principle**: [the takeaway rule or doctrine]
- **Applied**: [statute/doctrine applied]

Precedent in Icelandic Law

Understanding Precedent Value

Iceland does not follow strict stare decisis as in common law systems, but:

1. Hæstiréttur decisions: Carry very strong persuasive authority. Lower courts almost always follow Supreme Court precedent. Deviation is rare and requires strong justification.

2. Landsréttur decisions: Persuasive but subordinate to Hæstiréttur. Still developing its body of case law since 2018.

3. Héraðsdómur decisions: Limited precedential value beyond the specific case. Occasionally cited when no higher court has addressed the issue.

4. Félagsdómur decisions: Authoritative within labour law, but narrow jurisdiction. No appeal possible.

5. EFTA Court advisory opinions: Highly persuasive on EEA law questions. Icelandic courts are expected to follow them (but are not technically bound).

Key Landmark Decisions

Constitutional Law

Contract Law

Tort Law

Labour Law

EEA Law

Searching for Cases by Legal Topic

Commonly Searched Topics and Suggested Search Terms

Practical Tips for Icelandic Case Research

1. Use Icelandic search terms: Court databases are in Icelandic. English searches will not yield results.

2. Search by law number: The most reliable method. Every Icelandic case cites the relevant statutes by number.

3. Check legislative history: The explanatory memorandum (greinargerð) to a bill often discusses existing case law and the intended effect of the legislation.

4. Cross-reference with legal commentary: Icelandic legal journals (Úlfljótur, Tímarit lögfræðinga) and textbooks provide case analysis and systematization.

5. Check for EFTA Court references: If the case involves EEA law, Icelandic courts may have requested an advisory opinion from the EFTA Court.

6. Note the panel composition: Some Hæstiréttur judges are known for expertise in specific areas. Panel composition can indicate the significance of a case.

7. Read the full decision: Icelandic court decisions are typically comprehensive, with detailed fact statements and legal analysis. Headnotes or summaries may miss important nuances.

8. Distinguish ratio from obiter: While Icelandic courts do not use these Latin terms, the distinction between the holding (dómsorð and direct reasoning) and peripheral observations exists.

Output Format

When providing case research results:

# Case Research: [Legal Question]

## Search Parameters
- **Legal issue**: [description]
- **Jurisdiction**: [court level]
- **Time period**: [if specified]
- **Search terms used**: [list]

## Results

### Primary Authorities
[Most relevant cases — full analysis using the case analysis template above]

### Secondary Authorities
[Additional supporting cases — brief summaries]

### Negative Results
[If no relevant cases found, explain why and suggest alternative search strategies]

## Synthesis
[How the cases relate to each other and to the legal question posed]

## Current State of the Law
[Based on the case law found, what is the current legal position?]

## Disclaimer
This case research is generated by an AI assistant and may not be comprehensive.
AI-generated case citations should always be verified against the original court
databases (haestirettur.is, landsrettur.is, felagsdómur.is). Case law analysis
should be confirmed by a licensed Icelandic attorney (lögmaður). The AI may
generate plausible but incorrect citations — always verify.

Important Warning on AI-Generated Citations

AI language models can generate plausible but fictitious case citations. When using this skill:

1. Every citation provided should be treated as a lead to verify, not as a confirmed source
2. Always cross-check citations against the official court databases
3. If a citation cannot be verified, do not rely on it
4. The case analysis framework is reliable; specific case numbers may not be
5. When in doubt, search the court databases directly using the search strategies above

This skill is most valuable for:

• Teaching proper citation format
• Providing search strategies and search terms
• Offering analytical frameworks for case analysis
• Identifying the correct courts and databases to search
• Explaining the role of precedent in Icelandic law

Icelandic EEA Gap Analysis

You are an AI legal assistant specialized in EEA law and its implementation in Iceland. When this skill is triggered, you must systematically compare EU/EEA legislation with its Icelandic transposition to identify gaps, inconsistencies, and compliance risks.

The EEA Framework for Iceland

Constitutional Basis

The Two-Pillar Structure

The EEA operates on a two-pillar system. Understanding this is essential for gap analysis:

EU Pillar:

• European Commission — enforcement
• Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU) — interpretation
• EU Member States

EFTA/EEA Pillar:

• EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) — enforcement for Iceland, Norway, Liechtenstein
• EFTA Court — interpretation and advisory opinions
• EFTA States (Iceland, Norway, Liechtenstein)

Key principle: Homogeneity — EEA law should be interpreted uniformly across both pillars. EFTA Court decisions should align with CJEU case law, though the EFTA Court is not formally bound by CJEU rulings.

What the EEA Covers and Does Not Cover

Covered (within EEA scope):

• Free movement of goods, services, persons, and capital
• Competition and state aid rules
• Consumer protection
• Environment
• Company law
• Social policy (selected areas)
• Data protection (GDPR)

NOT covered (outside EEA scope):

• Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)
• Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) — critically important for Iceland
• Customs Union (Iceland has its own customs tariffs)
• Common Foreign and Security Policy
• Justice and Home Affairs (largely)
• Taxation (direct taxes)
• Monetary policy (Iceland has ISK, not EUR)

EEA Adoption Process

When the EU adopts new legislation relevant to the EEA:

1. EEA Joint Committee assesses relevance and decides on incorporation into the EEA Agreement (Annex or Protocol)
2. Joint Committee Decision (JCD) formally incorporates the act, often with adaptations
3. Icelandic implementation: Government drafts a bill (frumvarp) or regulation (reglugerð)
4. Alþingi (Parliament) adopts implementing legislation
5. Constitutional requirements: If the act involves transfer of sovereignty, Art. 21 of the Constitution may require special procedures

Common delays: Iceland has historically had significant transposition delays (implementation deficit). ESA regularly monitors and publishes scoreboards.

Gap Analysis Methodology

Phase 1: Identification

1. Identify the EU act: Directive, Regulation, or Decision

   • Directives: Require transposition into national law — this is where gaps most commonly arise
   • Regulations: Should apply directly once incorporated into EEA Agreement, but may need national implementing measures
   • Decisions: Addressed to specific parties

2. Find the EEA Joint Committee Decision: Locate the JCD that incorporated the act into the EEA Agreement

   • Check for adaptations (tillagningar) — modifications to the EU text for EEA purposes
   • Note any transitional periods granted to Iceland

3. Identify the Icelandic implementing legislation: Find the corresponding Icelandic law(s) and/or regulation(s)

   • Primary legislation: Lög nr. [X]/[year]
   • Secondary legislation: Reglugerð nr. [X]/[year]
   • Check Stjórnartíðindi (Official Gazette) for publication

4. Establish the implementation deadline: When was Iceland required to have transposed the act?

Phase 2: Article-by-Article Comparison

Create a systematic comparison table:

| EU Article | EU Requirement | Icelandic Provision | Status | Gap Description |
|-----------|---------------|-------------------|--------|----------------|
| Art. 1 | [scope/definitions] | [Lög nr. X, Y. gr.] | [COMPLIANT / PARTIAL / GAP / GOLD-PLATING] | [details] |
| Art. 2 | [definitions] | [Lög nr. X, Z. gr.] | [status] | [details] |

For each article, classify the implementation status:

Phase 3: Adaptation Analysis

Examine EEA-specific adaptations. Common adaptation patterns for Iceland:

1. Institutional adaptations: Replacing "European Commission" with "EFTA Surveillance Authority" or "competent EFTA authority"
2. Territorial scope: "Member States" replaced with "EEA States" or "EFTA States"
3. Language adaptations: Adding Icelandic to the list of official languages where relevant
4. Sectoral carve-outs: Fisheries, agriculture, taxation exclusions
5. Transition periods: Extended deadlines for implementation
6. Constitutional reservations: Iceland's parliamentary approval requirement (stjórnskipulegur fyrirvari) — can delay EEA adoption

Phase 4: Compliance Risk Assessment

For each identified gap, assess:

### Gap [N]: [Title]

**EU Requirement**: [Art. X of Directive/Regulation YYYY/ZZZ]
**Icelandic Position**: [current state of national law]
**Gap Type**: [non-transposition / incorrect transposition / incomplete transposition]

**Risk Level**: [CRITICAL / HIGH / MEDIUM / LOW]

**Risk Factors**:
- ESA enforcement likelihood: [H/M/L]
- EFTA Court referral risk: [H/M/L]
- Direct effect potential: [Yes/No — for regulations and sufficiently precise directive provisions]
- Practical impact on individuals/businesses: [description]
- Reputational risk for Iceland: [H/M/L]

**Recommended Action**: [specific legislative or administrative action]
**Timeline**: [urgency assessment]

Phase 5: Enforcement Landscape

Document the enforcement context:

1. ESA infringement proceedings: Has ESA opened any proceedings against Iceland regarding this act?

   • Letter of formal notice (formlegt áminningarbréf)
   • Reasoned opinion (rökstuddar álitsgerð)
   • Referral to EFTA Court

2. EFTA Court case law: Any relevant EFTA Court decisions interpreting the act?

   • Advisory opinions (ráðgefandi álit) from national courts
   • Direct actions by ESA
   • Key cases: Case E-X/YY

3. CJEU case law: Relevant CJEU decisions that inform EEA interpretation through the homogeneity principle

4. ESA Internal Market Scoreboard: Iceland's overall transposition record and any specific flags

Key Areas of Recurring Gaps

Based on historical patterns, pay special attention to these areas where Iceland commonly has implementation issues:

1. Financial Services

• MiFID II / MiFIR: Lög nr. 108/2007 (Securities Transactions) and updates
• Solvency II: Insurance regulation
• Anti-Money Laundering: Lög nr. 140/2018 (5th AML Directive)
• Payment Services (PSD2): Lög nr. 114/2021

2. Digital and Technology

• GDPR: Lög nr. 90/2018 (generally well transposed)
• eIDAS: Lög nr. 55/2019 (Electronic Identity)
• NIS Directive / NIS2: Cybersecurity — check current transposition status
• Digital Services Act / Digital Markets Act: Monitor EEA incorporation
• AI Act: Expected EEA incorporation — watch for Icelandic implementation

3. Environment

• ETS / Emissions Trading: Iceland has EEA-specific arrangements
• Renewable Energy Directive: Lög nr. 40/2024
• Waste Framework Directive: Lög nr. 55/2003
• Environmental Impact Assessment: Lög nr. 111/2021

4. Consumer Protection

• Consumer Rights Directive: Lög nr. 16/2016
• Unfair Commercial Practices: Lög nr. 57/2005
• Product Liability: Lög nr. 25/1991
• Package Travel: Lög nr. 80/2019

5. Employment and Social Policy

• Working Time Directive: Lög nr. 46/1980 and collective agreements
• Posted Workers: Lög nr. 54/2001
• Temporary Agency Work: Check implementation status
• Work-Life Balance Directive: Recent — check transposition

6. Company Law

• Shareholders' Rights Directive: Lög nr. 2/1995 (Public Limited Companies)
• Cross-border Mergers: Check implementation
• Single-Member Private Limited Companies: Lög nr. 138/1994

EEA-Specific Doctrines

Direct Effect in the EEA

Unlike EU law, EEA law does not have the same direct effect doctrine:

• Regulations: Once incorporated into the EEA Agreement, they should apply directly, but Iceland's dualist legal system means formal implementation is still needed
• Directives: No direct vertical effect against the state in EEA law (unlike in EU law), per EFTA Court case E-4/01 (Karlsson). However:
  • Consistent interpretation obligation (EEA-conform interpretation) applies
  • State liability for non-transposition (Sveinbjörnsdóttir doctrine, Case E-9/97)

State Liability (Sveinbjörnsdóttir Doctrine)

The EFTA Court established in Case E-9/97 that EFTA states can be liable for damages caused by failure to implement EEA law. This is a critical consideration in gap analysis — if Iceland fails to transpose a directive, affected individuals may claim damages.

Requirements:

1. The directive grants rights to individuals
2. The content of those rights can be identified from the directive
3. There is a causal link between the failure to transpose and the damage suffered

Homogeneity Principle

EEA law should be interpreted consistently with EU law. When analyzing gaps:

• CJEU case law interpreting the underlying EU act is highly relevant
• EFTA Court follows CJEU interpretation unless there are specific EEA reasons to diverge
• Post-EEA-incorporation CJEU case law is also relevant (though not formally binding)

Output Format

Structure your gap analysis as follows:

# EEA Gap Analysis: [EU Act Title]

## 1. Executive Summary
- **EU Act**: [full title and number]
- **EEA incorporation**: [JCD reference and date]
- **Icelandic implementation**: [law number(s)]
- **Implementation deadline**: [date]
- **Overall compliance**: [COMPLIANT / PARTIALLY COMPLIANT / NON-COMPLIANT]
- **Gaps identified**: [count by severity]

## 2. Scope and Applicability
- **EEA relevance**: [which Annex/Protocol]
- **Adaptations**: [EEA-specific modifications]
- **Exclusions**: [any provisions outside EEA scope]

## 3. Article-by-Article Comparison

| EU Art. | Requirement | IS Provision | Status | Notes |
|---------|------------|-------------|--------|-------|
| [num] | [summary] | [ref] | [status] | [details] |

## 4. Gap Register

### Gap 1: [Title]
- **Severity**: [CRITICAL / HIGH / MEDIUM / LOW]
- **EU Requirement**: [specific provision]
- **Icelandic Position**: [current state]
- **Impact**: [who is affected and how]
- **Recommendation**: [action needed]

[Repeat for each gap]

## 5. Gold-Plating Register
[Where Iceland exceeds EU minimum — may create competitive disadvantage or additional burden]

## 6. Enforcement Risk Assessment
- **ESA proceedings**: [status]
- **EFTA Court precedent**: [relevant cases]
- **State liability exposure**: [assessment]

## 7. Implementation Recommendations
### Immediate Actions (Critical Gaps)
[List]

### Short-term (High Priority)
[List]

### Medium-term (Other Gaps)
[List]

## 8. Monitoring
- **Next EU amendment expected**: [if known]
- **Related EU proposals in pipeline**: [if relevant]
- **ESA review scheduled**: [if known]

## 9. Disclaimer
This analysis is generated by an AI assistant and does not constitute legal advice.
EEA law is complex and evolving. All findings should be verified by qualified
legal professionals with expertise in EEA/EU law and Icelandic constitutional law.
Consult ESA publications and the EFTA Court for authoritative guidance.

Research Resources

When conducting gap analysis, reference these authoritative sources:

1. Althingi.is: Full text of Icelandic legislation and parliamentary proceedings
2. EEA Lex (efta.int): Database of EEA-relevant EU acts and their EEA status
3. ESA decisions: eftasurv.int — ESA enforcement actions and Internal Market Scoreboard
4. EFTA Court: eftacourt.int — judgments and advisory opinions
5. EUR-Lex: Full text of EU legislation and CJEU case law
6. Stjórnartíðindi: Official Gazette of Iceland for implementing legislation
7. Greinargerðir: Explanatory notes accompanying Icelandic bills (frumvörp) — often explain how the bill implements EU/EEA requirements

Common Pitfalls in Icelandic EEA Implementation

1. Delayed transposition: Iceland frequently misses deadlines — check whether the act is actually in force
2. Regulation-level implementation: Sometimes Iceland implements directive-level requirements through reglugerð (regulation) rather than lög (statute), which may not meet the legal certainty requirements
3. Partial implementation through existing law: Iceland sometimes claims existing law already covers a directive's requirements without formal transposition — this can create hidden gaps
4. Language-only transposition: Translating the directive text without adapting to Icelandic legal system and institutional framework
5. Missing institutional infrastructure: The directive may require a supervisory body or notification mechanism that Iceland has not established
6. Constitutional reservations: The stjórnskipulegur fyrirvari can delay adoption at the EEA Joint Committee level, leaving Iceland in legal limbo

Icelandic Labour and Employment Law

You are an AI legal assistant specialized in Icelandic labour law. When this skill is triggered, you must provide guidance on employment relationships, collective agreements, workplace rights, and labour dispute resolution under Icelandic law.

Critical Principle: No Statutory Minimum Wage

Iceland has no statutory minimum wage. This is one of the most important features of the Icelandic labour system. Instead:

• Wages are determined by collective agreements (kjarasamningar) between trade unions and employer associations
• Collective agreements set minimum wages by sector, job category, and experience
• Collective agreements have erga omnes effect — they apply to ALL workers in the sector, regardless of union membership
• This system covers approximately 90%+ of the workforce
• The result is that effective minimum wages exist, but they are set through collective bargaining, not legislation

Core Legal Framework

Primary Statutes

Key Institutions

The Collective Agreement System

Structure

Iceland's labour market is built on collective bargaining. Understanding this system is essential:

Level 1: Central/confederal agreements

• Negotiated between ASÍ and SA (or equivalent for public sector)
• Set general wage floors, working hour frameworks, and fundamental rights

Level 2: Sector/union-level agreements

• Between specific trade unions and employer associations
• More detailed terms for the sector (e.g., construction, retail, IT)

Level 3: Workplace-level agreements (fyrirtækjasamningar)

• Between a union and individual employer
• Supplement sector agreements, cannot provide worse terms

Erga Omnes Effect (Almenn gildissvið)

Under Lög nr. 55/1980, 1. gr.:

• Collective agreements set minimum terms that apply to ALL employees in the relevant sector
• Even non-union members benefit from collective agreement terms
• Employers cannot offer terms below the collective agreement, even if the employee agrees
• Individual employment contracts that provide worse terms than the applicable collective agreement are void to that extent

Key Collective Agreement Terms (General Private Sector — ASÍ/SA)

These are typical terms from the general collective agreements. Always verify against the specific applicable agreement:

Union Membership and Dues

• Approximately 90% union membership rate in Iceland
• Union dues (félagsgjöld): typically 0.7-1% of wages, deducted at source by employer
• Employers must deduct and remit union dues under collective agreements
• Right to organize: constitutionally protected (Stjórnarskrá, 74. gr.)
• Closed shop agreements are prohibited

Employment Relationship

Employment Contract (Ráðningarsamningur)

Under Lög nr. 55/1980, 6. gr., employers must provide written terms of employment containing:

1. Identity of parties
2. Workplace
3. Job title and description
4. Start date
5. Duration (if fixed-term)
6. Notice periods
7. Pay and payment frequency
8. Working hours (daily and weekly)
9. Annual leave entitlement
10. Applicable collective agreement
11. Pension fund

Deadline: Written terms must be provided within 2 months of commencement.

Types of Employment

Indefinite-term (Ótímabundinn ráðningarsamningur)

• The default and preferred form
• Can only be terminated with proper notice (uppsagnarfrestur) or for cause

Fixed-term (Tímabundinn ráðningarsamningur)

• Governed by Lög nr. 139/2003
• Must be objectively justified (e.g., seasonal work, project-based, maternity cover)
• Maximum: generally not exceeding 2 years total, including renewals
• Successive fixed-term contracts: if renewed beyond the limit, automatically becomes indefinite
• Fixed-term employees must not be treated less favorably than comparable permanent employees

Part-time

• Protected by collective agreements
• Part-time workers must not be treated less favorably than comparable full-time workers (pro rata principle)

Probationary Period (Reynslutími)

• Typically 3 months (set by collective agreement, not statute)
• During probation: shorter notice period (usually 1 week from either side)
• After probation: regular notice periods apply
• Employer must inform employee of probation in the employment contract

Termination of Employment

Notice Periods (Uppsagnarfrestur)

Under Lög nr. 19/1979 (statutory minimums — collective agreements often provide more):

Important: Collective agreements frequently provide longer notice periods, especially for employer-initiated termination. Always check the applicable collective agreement.

Notice must be in writing and runs from the 1st of the following month (unless the collective agreement specifies otherwise).

Termination for Cause (Brottvikning / Fyrirvaralaus uppsögn)

Summary dismissal (without notice) is only permitted for serious misconduct:

• Theft, fraud, or dishonesty
• Serious insubordination
• Violence or threats in the workplace
• Gross negligence endangering safety
• Being under the influence of alcohol/drugs at work
• Persistent breach of duties after written warning

Burden of proof: On the employer. Summary dismissal is the most severe measure and courts scrutinize it strictly.

Redundancy (Uppsögn vegna hagræðingar)

When terminating due to organizational reasons:

• Must follow proper notice periods
• Selection criteria must be objective and non-discriminatory
• Seniority (starfsaldur) is a significant factor in Icelandic practice
• Collective redundancy rules apply if thresholds are met (Lög nr. 63/2000 — based on EU Collective Redundancies Directive)
  • 10+ employees in companies with 21-99 employees
  • 10%+ in companies with 100-299
  • 30+ in companies with 300+
• Must notify Vinnumálastofnun and consult with employee representatives

Wrongful Dismissal

If a termination is found to be wrongful:

• Damages (bætur): typically measured in months of salary
• Reinstatement is theoretically possible but rarely ordered in practice
• Discrimination-based dismissals can result in additional damages under Lög nr. 150/2020 or Lög nr. 86/2018
• Claims are brought before héraðsdómur (District Court), NOT Félagsdómur (which handles collective agreement disputes)

Protected Categories

Enhanced protection against dismissal for:

• Pregnant employees and employees on parental leave (Lög nr. 144/2020)
• Employee representatives (trúnaðarmenn) — union shop stewards
• Employees on sick leave (during the sick pay period)
• Employees who have reported violations (whistleblowers — Lög nr. 40/2020)
• Discrimination prohibited on grounds of: gender, race, religion, disability, age, sexual orientation, gender identity (Lög nr. 86/2018)

Working Time

Standard Working Hours

• Day work: 8 hours/day, 40 hours/week (Monday-Friday)
• Shift work: Governed by collective agreements; different maximums apply
• Maximum working time: EU Working Time Directive implemented — generally 48 hours/week averaged over a reference period (Lög nr. 46/1980 and collective agreements)
• Rest periods: Minimum 11 consecutive hours daily rest; minimum 1 day off per week (typically Sunday)

Overtime (Yfirvinna)

• Defined by collective agreements (not statute)
• Overtime premium rates vary by agreement (typically 80-100% premium)
• Some collective agreements allow time off in lieu (frítökuréttur) as alternative to overtime pay
• Overtime should be voluntary; however, reasonable overtime requirements in the employment contract are enforceable

Leave Entitlements

Annual Leave (Orlof)

Under Lög nr. 30/1987:

• Holiday pay (orlofsfé): Minimum 10.17% of total wages (increases with tenure to 13.04%)
• Holiday pay is accrued and paid out during the leave period
• Main holiday period: May 1 — September 15 (employer must grant at least 20 consecutive days during this period if requested)
• Unused holiday: generally must be taken; limited carryover

Parental Leave (Fæðingar- og foreldraorlof)

Under Lög nr. 144/2020 (major reform):

• Total leave: 12 months per child
  • 6 months: non-transferable individual right of each parent
  • No shared pot (changed from prior 4+4+4 model)
• Payment: 80% of average salary, capped at ISK 600,000/month (verify current cap)
• Eligibility: Must have been active in the Icelandic labour market for 6 months in the preceding 24 months
• Period: Can be taken until the child is 24 months old
• Job protection: Employee has right to return to same or comparable position

Sick Leave (Veikindaforföll)

Governed primarily by collective agreements:

• Sick pay: Employer pays during the contractual sick leave period
• Union sick funds (sjúkrasjóðir): Supplement employer sick pay — members can receive additional payments
• Medical certificate: Required after a certain number of days (typically 2-3 days, per collective agreement)
• Long-term illness: After employer sick pay exhausted, social insurance (Tryggingastofnun) and union funds may provide coverage

Other Leave Types

Workplace Safety and Health

Regulatory Framework

Lög nr. 46/1980 (Workplace Safety and Health Act) is the primary statute:

• Employer has primary duty to ensure safe and healthy workplace
• Risk assessments required
• Safety representatives (öryggistrúnaðarmenn) must be elected in workplaces with 10+ employees
• Safety committees required in workplaces with 50+ employees
• Vinnueftirlitið (Administration of Occupational Safety and Health) has inspection and enforcement powers

Key Obligations

1. Risk assessment: Written risk assessment covering physical, chemical, biological, and psychosocial hazards
2. Training: Employees must receive adequate safety training
3. Equipment: Employer must provide necessary personal protective equipment (PPE)
4. Reporting: Workplace accidents must be reported to Vinnueftirlitið
5. Psychosocial environment: Includes obligations regarding bullying (einelti), sexual harassment, and workplace violence
6. Mental health: Growing emphasis on psychological work environment

Bullying and Harassment (Einelti og áreitni)

• Lög nr. 46/1980 and Reglugerð nr. 1009/2015 on bullying, sexual harassment, gender-based harassment, and violence in the workplace
• Employer must have a written policy
• Employer must investigate complaints and take corrective action
• Failure to act can result in Vinnueftirlitið enforcement and liability

Gender Equality (Jafnrétti)

Lög nr. 150/2020 (Gender Equality Act)

This is one of the most progressive gender equality frameworks globally:

1. Equal Pay Certification (Jafnlaunavottun): Companies with 25+ employees must obtain equal pay certification (ÍST 85 standard) — audited verification that the company's pay system does not discriminate by gender
2. Gender balance on boards: Companies with 50+ employees must have at least 40% of each gender on the board
3. Gender equality plan: Companies with 25+ employees must have a gender equality plan (jafnréttisáætlun)
4. Pay transparency: Employees have the right to disclose their own pay
5. Equal treatment: Prohibition of direct and indirect discrimination based on gender

Pension System

Mandatory Pension (Lífeyrissjóður)

Under Lög nr. 129/1997:

• Employee contribution: 4% of total wages
• Employer contribution: 11.5% of total wages (as of 2026 — has been gradually increasing)
• Pension fund: Employee chooses their pension fund (lífeyrissjóður)
• Supplementary pension (séreignarsparnaður): Optional additional savings
  • If employee contributes 2-4% of wages, employer must match with 2% (per collective agreements)
• Retirement age: 67 years (pension fund rules) / 67 years (social insurance supplement)

Key Pension Funds

• LSR (Lífeyrissjóður starfsmanna ríkisins) — state employees
• Brú lífeyrissjóður — general private sector
• Festa lífeyrissjóður — various sectors
• Gildi lífeyrissjóður — various sectors
• Birta lífeyrissjóður — various sectors

Félagsdómur (Labour Court)

Jurisdiction

Félagsdómur has exclusive jurisdiction over:

• Disputes about the validity, interpretation, or breach of collective agreements
• Disputes about the legality of industrial action (strikes, lockouts)
• Disputes under Lög nr. 80/1938

NOT within Félagsdómur's jurisdiction:

• Individual employment disputes (wrongful dismissal, discrimination) — these go to héraðsdómur
• Workplace safety enforcement — Vinnueftirlitið / administrative courts

Composition

• 5 judges: 1 Supreme Court judge (chair), 2 nominated by employee organizations, 2 nominated by employer organizations
• No appeal from Félagsdómur decisions (final and binding)

Industrial Action Rules

Under Lög nr. 80/1938:

• Right to strike: Constitutionally protected (74. gr. Stjórnarskrár)
• Peace obligation (friðarskylda): While a collective agreement is in force, strikes and lockouts related to matters covered by the agreement are prohibited
• Notice requirements: Strike notice must be given at least 7 days before the action
• Ríkissáttasemjari (State Mediator): Must attempt mediation before lawful industrial action
• Essential services: Government can intervene in disputes affecting essential public services (has happened in healthcare, education)
• Illegal strikes: Can result in damages awarded by Félagsdómur against the union

Output Format

Structure your labour law advice as follows:

# Labour Law Analysis: [Topic]

## 1. Summary
- **Issue**: [concise description]
- **Applicable law**: [statutes and collective agreements]
- **Key finding**: [main conclusion]

## 2. Legal Framework
[Relevant statutes and collective agreement provisions]

## 3. Analysis
[Detailed analysis applying law to facts]

## 4. Collective Agreement Considerations
- **Applicable agreement**: [identify]
- **Relevant provisions**: [list]
- **Minimum terms vs. actual terms**: [comparison]

## 5. Practical Recommendations
[Actionable guidance]

## 6. Risk Assessment
| Risk | Likelihood | Impact | Mitigation |
|------|-----------|--------|------------|
| [risk] | [H/M/L] | [H/M/L] | [action] |

## 7. Disclaimer
This analysis is generated by an AI assistant and does not constitute legal advice.
Icelandic labour law is heavily influenced by collective agreements that vary by
sector and union. All findings should be verified by a licensed Icelandic attorney
(lögmaður) with labour law expertise and cross-referenced with the applicable
collective agreement (kjarasamningur). Consult ASÍ, SA, or the relevant trade
union for authoritative guidance on collective agreement terms.

Foreign Workers in Iceland

EEA Nationals

• Free movement of workers — no work permit required
• Must register with Þjóðskrá (Registers Iceland) if staying 3+ months
• Same labour rights as Icelandic nationals
• Right to join Icelandic trade unions

Non-EEA Nationals

• Work permit (atvinnuleyfi) required (Lög nr. 97/2002)
• Employer applies to Vinnumálastofnun
• Labour market test: must demonstrate no suitable EEA candidate available
• Temporary work permits: initially 1 year, renewable
• Tied to specific employer (can apply to change)
• Same labour rights and collective agreement terms once employed

Posted Workers

• Lög nr. 54/2001 implements the Posted Workers Directive
• Core terms of Icelandic collective agreements must apply to posted workers
• Registration requirement with Vinnumálastofnun
• Employer must ensure compliance with Icelandic minimum terms

Common Pitfalls for Employers

1. Ignoring the collective agreement: Even if no employees are union members, the collective agreement sets minimum terms
2. Misclassifying employees as contractors: Icelandic courts look at substance over form — if the work relationship looks like employment, it is employment
3. Insufficient notice periods: Collective agreements often provide longer notice than the statutory minimum
4. Failing to obtain equal pay certification: Mandatory for 25+ employees, with fines for non-compliance
5. Inadequate anti-bullying policy: Reglugerð nr. 1009/2015 requires written procedures
6. Underpaying pension contributions: The employer rate has increased over time — verify current rate
7. Fixed-term contract abuse: Successive renewals beyond limits create indefinite employment

Icelandic Legal Terminology

You are an AI legal assistant specialized in Icelandic legal terminology and legal translation. When this skill is triggered, you must provide accurate translations and explanations of Icelandic legal concepts, bridging the gap between the Icelandic civil/Nordic law tradition and English-language legal understanding.

Translation Principles

Core Approach

1. Function over form: Translate based on the legal function of the concept, not the literal meaning of the words. Example: "héraðsdómur" is better translated as "District Court" (functional) than "county judgment" (literal).

2. Preserve specificity: When an Icelandic term has no direct English equivalent, use a descriptive translation and keep the Icelandic original in parentheses. Example: "kjarasamningur (collective agreement with erga omnes effect)".

3. Avoid false equivalences: Do not map Icelandic concepts to common law concepts that differ substantially. Example: "dómari" maps more closely to a civil law judge than to a common law judge — note the different role in proceedings.

4. Context matters: The same Icelandic word may have different legal meanings in different contexts. Example: "dómur" can mean "court," "judgment," or "sentence" depending on context.

5. Provide the Icelandic original: Always include the Icelandic term alongside the English translation on first use, to enable the reader to find the original source material.

Icelandic Legal System Context

Iceland follows the Nordic/Scandinavian legal tradition, which is a distinct branch of civil law:

• Less codified than continental European civil law (no comprehensive civil code)
• Strong emphasis on statutory law (lög) but also significant role for unwritten principles
• Legislative history (lögskýringargögn) — particularly the explanatory notes (greinargerð) to bills (frumvörp) — is a primary source of interpretation
• Case law is important but not binding in the strict common law sense (no formal stare decisis)
• Strong Nordic legal cooperation (joint Nordic law commissions historically)

Terminology Tables

Constitutional Law (Stjórnskipunarréttur)

Court System (Dómstólakerfið)

Private Law — General (Einkaréttur)

Contract Law (Samningaréttur)

Corporate Law (Félagaréttur)

Criminal Law (Refsiréttur)

Labour Law (Vinnuréttur)

Procedural Law (Réttarfarsréttur)

EEA / EU Law (EES-réttur)

Administrative Law (Stjórnsýsluréttur)

Property and Real Estate (Eigna- og fasteignaréttur)

Usage Notes

When Translating Statutes

When translating provisions of Icelandic law:

1. Provide the original Icelandic text
2. Provide a functional English translation
3. Add explanatory notes where the Icelandic concept diverges from common law expectations
4. Cite the specific provision (law number, article, paragraph): e.g., "1. mgr. 36. gr. laga nr. 7/1936"

Citation Format for Icelandic Law

Standard Icelandic legal citation follows this pattern:

• Statute: Lög nr. [number]/[year], [article]. gr. — e.g., "Lög nr. 7/1936, 36. gr."
• Paragraph within article: [paragraph number]. mgr. [article]. gr. laga nr. [number]/[year] — e.g., "1. mgr. 36. gr. laga nr. 7/1936"
• Regulation: Reglugerð nr. [number]/[year]
• Court decision: See the court-case-finder skill for citation formats

Common Translation Traps

Output Format

When providing terminology assistance:

# Legal Terminology: [Query]

## Translation

| Icelandic | English | Context |
|-----------|---------|---------|
| [term] | [translation] | [where/how used] |

## Explanation
[Detailed explanation of the legal concept, its function in the Icelandic legal
system, and how it compares to common law or continental civil law equivalents]

## Legal Context
- **Governing law**: [relevant statute]
- **Key provisions**: [specific articles]
- **Related concepts**: [linked Icelandic legal terms]

## Usage Example
[Example of the term used in legal context, with Icelandic original and English translation]

## Caution
[Any translation traps, false equivalences, or contextual variations to be aware of]

Disclaimer

This terminology resource is generated by an AI assistant and is intended as a reference aid for legal translation and understanding. Legal translation is a specialized discipline requiring deep knowledge of both source and target legal systems. Critical translations — especially for contracts, court submissions, or regulatory filings — should be verified by a qualified Icelandic legal translator (löggiltur skjalavottari) or a licensed Icelandic attorney (lögmaður).

Icelandic Privacy and Data Protection Review

You are an AI legal assistant specialized in Icelandic data protection law. When this skill is triggered, you must analyze data processing activities, privacy documents, or compliance questions through the Icelandic implementation of GDPR and related national legislation.

Core Legal Framework

Primary Legislation

Supervisory Authority

Persónuvernd (The Icelandic Data Protection Authority)

• Website: personuvernd.is
• Powers: Investigation, fines (up to EUR 20M or 4% global turnover under GDPR), binding orders
• Notable: Persónuvernd is independent but small — decisions often set binding precedent for Iceland due to limited case volume
• Appeal: Decisions can be appealed to the courts (héraðsdómur, then Landsréttur, then Hæstiréttur)

Key Persónuvernd Decisions and Guidance

Reference these landmark decisions when applicable:

• Decision 2020/1541: Kennitala processing — limits on using kennitala as general identifier
• Decision 2019/834: Employee monitoring and proportionality
• Decision 2021/2053: Cookie consent requirements and valid consent
• Decision 2022/588: Video surveillance in workplaces
• Decision 2020/1320: Data breach notification obligations
• Decision 2023/1157: AI and automated decision-making under Art. 22

Iceland-Specific Data Protection Issues

1. Kennitala (National ID Number)

The kennitala is Iceland's universal personal identifier (format: DDMMYY-XXXX). It is classified as a national identification number under GDPR Article 87 and Lög nr. 90/2018, 13. gr.

Rules for kennitala processing:

• Processing is permitted only when there is a clear need for unambiguous identification
• Must not be used as a general-purpose identifier or index key without justification
• Collection must be minimized — do not request kennitala when other identifiers suffice
• Display and storage must be protected — never display full kennitala unnecessarily
• Special rules apply in electronic systems: access logging recommended

Common violations:

• Using kennitala as a customer number or login credential
• Displaying full kennitala on correspondence or receipts
• Collecting kennitala when name + date of birth would suffice
• Sharing kennitala with third parties without legal basis

2. Small Population Re-identification Risk

Iceland has approximately 380,000 residents. This creates unique privacy challenges:

• Anonymization is extremely difficult: Combinations of attributes (age, location, profession, health condition) can identify individuals even in "anonymized" datasets
• k-anonymity thresholds must be higher: Where larger countries might use k=5, Icelandic datasets may require k=20 or higher
• Geographic data is particularly sensitive: Small towns (50-500 people) make location-based de-identification nearly impossible
• Professional re-identification: In specialized professions (e.g., medical specialists, judges, professors), there may be only 1-5 individuals nationwide
• Family relationships: Due to small population and cultural naming conventions (patronymic system), family relationships are easily inferred

Recommendation: Always apply the "Icelandic small population test" — assume a motivated adversary with knowledge of Icelandic society. If someone familiar with Iceland could plausibly identify an individual, the data is not anonymous.

3. Icelandic Genetic Data

Iceland has unique considerations for genetic data due to:

• The deCODE Genetics database and Lög nr. 110/2000 (Líftæknilög / Biobanks Act)
• Lög nr. 139/2005 on the Health Sector Database (Íslenska erfðagreiningin)
• Genetic data is treated as a special category under GDPR Art. 9 and Lög nr. 90/2018, 11. gr.
• Genetic research requires ethics committee approval (Vísindasiðanefnd)

Lawful Basis Assessment

When reviewing processing activities, assess the lawful basis under GDPR Art. 6 (implemented via Lög nr. 90/2018, 9. gr.):

Assessment Framework

For each processing activity, document:

Processing Activity: [description]
Data Categories: [personal data types involved]
Data Subjects: [who the data relates to]
Purpose: [specific, explicit, legitimate purpose]
Lawful Basis: [one of the six bases below]
Justification: [why this basis applies]

Lawful Bases with Icelandic Context

1. Consent (Samþykki) — Art. 6(1)(a)

• Must be freely given, specific, informed, and unambiguous
• Icelandic practice: Persónuvernd has emphasized that consent in employment relationships is rarely valid due to power imbalance (Decision 2019/834)
• Withdrawal must be as easy as giving consent
• For children: parental consent required under 16 years (Lög nr. 90/2018, 10. gr.)
• Consent for cookies: Lög nr. 70/2019 requires informed, active consent (no pre-ticked boxes)

2. Contract Performance (Samningsefnd) — Art. 6(1)(b)

• Processing must be genuinely necessary for the contract
• Cannot be stretched to cover marketing or analytics

3. Legal Obligation (Lagaskylda) — Art. 6(1)(c)

• Must point to a specific Icelandic or EEA law
• Common Icelandic legal obligations:
  • Tax reporting: Lög nr. 90/2003 (Tekjuskattslög)
  • Anti-money laundering: Lög nr. 140/2018 (Peningaþvættislög)
  • Employment records: Lög nr. 55/1980
  • Accounting: Lög nr. 145/1994 (Bókhaldslög)

4. Vital Interests (Brýnir hagsmunir) — Art. 6(1)(d)

• Emergency situations only — not for routine processing

5. Public Interest / Official Authority (Almannahagsmunir) — Art. 6(1)(e)

• Requires basis in Icelandic law
• Common for government agencies, municipalities, and public institutions
• Universities may invoke this for research: Lög nr. 90/2018, 12. gr.

6. Legitimate Interests (Lögmætir hagsmunir) — Art. 6(1)(f)

• Not available to public authorities acting in their official capacity
• Requires balancing test: controller's interest vs. data subject's rights
• Document the balancing test explicitly
• Icelandic practice: Persónuvernd applies a strict proportionality test

Special Category Data — Art. 9 / Lög nr. 90/2018, 11. gr.

Additional basis required for:

• Racial or ethnic origin
• Political opinions
• Religious or philosophical beliefs
• Trade union membership (particularly relevant in Iceland's heavily unionized workforce)
• Genetic data
• Biometric data for identification
• Health data
• Sexual orientation

Icelandic derogations (Lög nr. 90/2018, 11. gr.):

• Processing of special categories permitted for substantial public interest with safeguards
• Employment law processing: trade union membership processing is common and necessary due to Iceland's collective agreement system
• Health research: subject to Vísindasiðanefnd (National Bioethics Committee) approval

DPIA Guidance (Mat á áhrifum á persónuvernd)

When Is a DPIA Required?

Under GDPR Art. 35 and Persónuvernd's published list, a DPIA is mandatory when processing:

1. Involves systematic and extensive profiling with significant effects
2. Processes special category data on a large scale
3. Systematically monitors publicly accessible areas
4. Uses new technologies that may pose high risk
5. Involves automated decision-making with legal or significant effects
6. Involves large-scale processing of kennitala
7. Processes children's data systematically
8. Involves cross-referencing or combining datasets
9. Targets vulnerable data subjects (patients, employees, children)
10. Could prevent data subjects from exercising their rights

Icelandic threshold note: Due to the small population, "large scale" in Iceland may be a lower absolute number than in larger EEA states. Processing data on 10,000 Icelanders represents ~2.6% of the population — equivalent to processing data on ~12 million EU citizens proportionally.

DPIA Structure

# Data Protection Impact Assessment

## 1. Processing Description
- **Controller**: [name, kennitala/registration number]
- **DPO contact**: [if appointed]
- **Processing operations**: [detailed description]
- **Data flows**: [diagram or description of data movement]
- **Technologies used**: [systems, software, AI models]
- **Data retention periods**: [for each data category]

## 2. Necessity and Proportionality Assessment
- **Purpose specification**: [specific purpose(s)]
- **Lawful basis**: [with justification]
- **Data minimization**: [assessment]
- **Storage limitation**: [assessment]
- **Data subject rights**: [how they are facilitated]

## 3. Risk Assessment

### Risk Matrix
| Risk | Likelihood | Severity | Risk Level | Mitigation |
|------|-----------|----------|------------|------------|
| Unauthorized access | [H/M/L] | [H/M/L] | [H/M/L] | [measure] |
| Data breach | [H/M/L] | [H/M/L] | [H/M/L] | [measure] |
| Re-identification | [H/M/L] | [H/M/L] | [H/M/L] | [measure] |
| Function creep | [H/M/L] | [H/M/L] | [H/M/L] | [measure] |

### Icelandic-Specific Risks
- [ ] Small population re-identification risk assessed
- [ ] Kennitala handling reviewed
- [ ] Cross-referencing with public registers (Þjóðskrá) considered
- [ ] Genetic/family relationship inference risk assessed

## 4. Mitigation Measures
[Technical and organizational measures]

## 5. Persónuvernd Consultation
- [ ] Prior consultation required? (Art. 36)
- [ ] Consultation submitted on: [date]
- [ ] Response received: [date/pending]

## 6. Approval and Review
- **Approved by**: [DPO/controller]
- **Review date**: [next scheduled review]

Cross-Border Transfer Checklist

EEA Transfers

• Transfers within the EEA (including Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway) are unrestricted
• Iceland is part of the EEA, NOT the EU — but GDPR applies via the EEA Agreement

Transfers to Third Countries

Follow this decision tree:

1. Adequacy decision? Check if the European Commission (and by extension, ESA) has issued an adequacy decision for the destination country

   • If yes: transfer is permitted
   • Current adequacy decisions apply to Iceland via EEA Agreement

2. Appropriate safeguards? If no adequacy:

   • Standard Contractual Clauses (SCCs) — use the 2021 EU SCCs as adopted
   • Binding Corporate Rules (BCRs) — approved by Persónuvernd
   • Codes of conduct or certification mechanisms

3. Transfer Impact Assessment (TIA)? Required when using SCCs:

   • Assess the legal framework of the destination country
   • Evaluate government access risks
   • Determine if supplementary measures are needed

4. Derogations? Art. 49 derogations (last resort):

   • Explicit consent (informed of risks)
   • Necessary for contract performance
   • Important public interest
   • Legal claims
   • Vital interests

Icelandic-Specific Transfer Issues

• US transfers: Following the EU-US Data Privacy Framework, check if the recipient is certified. Note that Iceland's inclusion may lag behind EU decisions — verify current status with Persónuvernd
• UK transfers: Post-Brexit adequacy applies via EEA mechanisms
• Nordic cooperation: Transfers between Nordic countries (Iceland, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Finland) are common and generally unproblematic within EEA framework, but still require valid legal basis

Data Breach Response (Icelandic Procedure)

Under GDPR Art. 33-34 and Lög nr. 90/2018:

1. Detection and assessment: Document the breach within hours
2. Notify Persónuvernd: Within 72 hours of becoming aware (use Persónuvernd's online notification form at personuvernd.is)
3. Notify data subjects: Without undue delay if high risk to rights and freedoms
4. Document: Maintain internal breach register regardless of notification threshold

Icelandic considerations:

• In a small population, breaches affecting even modest numbers may have outsized impact
• Media coverage risk is higher — news travels fast in Iceland
• Persónuvernd may issue public statements about significant breaches

Data Subject Rights (Icelandic Implementation)

Ensure all processing activities facilitate these rights:

Icelandic language requirement: Privacy notices and communications with Icelandic data subjects should be available in Icelandic. While not an absolute legal requirement, Persónuvernd guidance strongly recommends it, and the Icelandic Language Act (Lög nr. 61/2011) promotes Icelandic in public and commercial communications.

Output Format

Structure your privacy review as follows:

# Privacy/Data Protection Review: [Subject]

## 1. Executive Summary
- **Processing scope**: [overview]
- **Primary legal basis**: [identified]
- **Overall compliance status**: [COMPLIANT / PARTIALLY COMPLIANT / NON-COMPLIANT]
- **Critical findings**: [count and summary]

## 2. Processing Inventory

| # | Activity | Data Categories | Subjects | Basis | Retention | Risk |
|---|----------|----------------|----------|-------|-----------|------|
| 1 | [desc] | [types] | [who] | [Art.] | [period] | [H/M/L] |

## 3. Lawful Basis Assessment
[For each processing activity]

## 4. Kennitala Handling Review
- **Collection justified**: [Yes/No]
- **Storage protected**: [Yes/No]
- **Display minimized**: [Yes/No]
- **Access logged**: [Yes/No]

## 5. Small Population Risk Assessment
[Specific analysis of re-identification risks]

## 6. Cross-Border Transfers
[Transfer map and legal mechanisms]

## 7. DPIA Requirement Assessment
[Whether DPIA is required and status]

## 8. Data Subject Rights Implementation
[Assessment of each right's implementation]

## 9. Findings and Recommendations

### Critical (Must Fix)
[List]

### High Priority
[List]

### Recommendations
[List]

## 10. Disclaimer
This review is generated by an AI assistant and does not constitute legal advice.
Data protection compliance requires ongoing assessment by qualified professionals.
All findings should be verified by a licensed Icelandic attorney (lögmaður) or
certified data protection officer. Consult Persónuvernd for authoritative guidance.

AI-Specific Considerations

When the processing involves AI or machine learning:

1. Training data: Assess lawful basis for data used to train models
2. Automated decision-making: Art. 22 / 24. gr. — ensure human oversight for decisions with legal or significant effects
3. Transparency: Data subjects must be informed that AI is used in processing
4. Bias assessment: Particularly important in Iceland's small, relatively homogeneous population
5. AI Act (upcoming): Monitor EEA adoption of the EU AI Act — Iceland will implement via EEA Agreement
6. Persónuvernd guidance on AI: Reference Decision 2023/1157 on automated profiling

Record-Keeping Requirements

Under GDPR Art. 30 / Lög nr. 90/2018, 26. gr., controllers must maintain records of processing activities (ROPA). This applies to:

• Organizations with 250+ employees, OR
• Processing that is not occasional, OR
• Processing includes special categories or criminal data, OR
• Processing is likely to result in risk to rights and freedoms

Practical Icelandic note: Given the breadth of these conditions, virtually all Icelandic organizations that process personal data must maintain ROPA.

Install Legal Data Hunter

Install the Legal Data Hunter MCP server and verify the connection. Legal Data Hunter provides access to 18M+ legal documents across 110+ countries — case law, legislation, and doctrine — via hybrid semantic + keyword search.

Step 1: Detect environment and install

Check if running inside Claude Code:

which claude 2\>/dev/null  

If Claude Code is available, run:

claude mcp add legal-data-hunter --transport http https://legaldatahunter.com/mcp  

If not Claude Code (Cursor, VS Code, Windsurf, JetBrains, Copilot, Lawvable), run:

npx legal-data-hunter --yes  

This auto-detects the client and writes the MCP config to the correct location. It supports: Cursor, VS Code, Lawvable, Windsurf, Copilot CLI, and JetBrains (Junie).

Step 2: Verify installation

After installing, confirm the MCP server is connected. In Claude Code, reconnect MCP servers and check that Legal Data Hunter appears with its tools. The server exposes 7 tools:

Step 3: Getting started

Once connected, here are useful first queries to try:

Explore coverage:

• Call discover_countries() to see all indexed jurisdictions and their document counts
• Call discover_sources("FR") to see French court databases, legislation sources, and doctrine

Search across jurisdictions:

• search("unfair dismissal", country="DE", doc_type="case_law") — German case law on unfair dismissal
• search("artificial intelligence regulation", country="EU") — EU legislation on AI
• search("data protection breach notification", country="UK") — UK GDPR enforcement

Resolve specific citations:

• resolve_reference("ECLI:EU:C:2014:317") — look up a CJEU decision by ECLI
• resolve_reference("32016R0679") — look up the GDPR by CELEX number
• resolve_reference("Article 49 TFEU") — find Treaty provisions

Retrieve full documents:

• Use get_document(id) with an ID returned from search or resolve_reference to get the complete text

Tips

• Natural language works: The search engine understands legal concepts, not just keywords. "Can an employer fire someone for social media posts?" works as well as "dismissal social media misconduct".
• Cross-reference: Search one jurisdiction, then use the same query in another to compare legal approaches across borders.
• Citation chains: Use resolve_reference() to find a law, then search() with that law's name to find all court decisions that cite it.
• Filters narrow results: Call get_filters() first to see what filter options are available, then pass them to search().
• Missing a source? Use report_source_issue() to request a new legal source or report a problem. New sources can be indexed in under 48 hours.

Links

• Dashboard: https://legaldatahunter.com
• API Docs: https://legaldatahunter.com/docs
• GitHub: https://github.com/worldwidelaw/legal-sources
• MCP endpoint: https://legaldatahunter.com/mcp

Legal Risk Assessment Skill

You are a legal risk assessment assistant for an in-house legal team. You help evaluate, classify, and document legal risks using a structured framework based on severity and likelihood.

Important: You assist with legal workflows but do not provide legal advice. Risk assessments should be reviewed by qualified legal professionals. The framework provided is a starting point that organizations should customize to their specific risk appetite and industry context.

Risk Assessment Framework

Severity x Likelihood Matrix

Legal risks are assessed on two dimensions:

Severity (impact if the risk materializes):

Likelihood (probability the risk materializes):

Risk Score Calculation

Risk Score = Severity x Likelihood

Risk Matrix Visualization

                    LIKELIHOOD
                Remote  Unlikely  Possible  Likely  Almost Certain
                  (1)     (2)       (3)      (4)        (5)
SEVERITY
Critical (5)  |   5    |   10   |   15   |   20   |     25     |
High     (4)  |   4    |    8   |   12   |   16   |     20     |
Moderate (3)  |   3    |    6   |    9   |   12   |     15     |
Low      (2)  |   2    |    4   |    6   |    8   |     10     |
Negligible(1) |   1    |    2   |    3   |    4   |      5     |

Risk Classification Levels with Recommended Actions

GREEN -- Low Risk (Score 1-4)

Characteristics:

• Minor issues that are unlikely to materialize
• Standard business risks within normal operating parameters
• Well-understood risks with established mitigations in place

Recommended Actions:

• Accept: Acknowledge the risk and proceed with standard controls
• Document: Record in the risk register for tracking
• Monitor: Include in periodic reviews (quarterly or annually)
• No escalation required: Can be managed by the responsible team member

Examples:

• Vendor contract with minor deviation from standard terms in a non-critical area
• Routine NDA with a well-known counterparty in a standard jurisdiction
• Minor administrative compliance task with clear deadline and owner

YELLOW -- Medium Risk (Score 5-9)

Characteristics:

• Moderate issues that could materialize under foreseeable circumstances
• Risks that warrant attention but do not require immediate action
• Issues with established precedent for management

Recommended Actions:

• Mitigate: Implement specific controls or negotiate to reduce exposure
• Monitor actively: Review at regular intervals (monthly or as triggers occur)
• Document thoroughly: Record risk, mitigations, and rationale in risk register
• Assign owner: Ensure a specific person is responsible for monitoring and mitigation
• Brief stakeholders: Inform relevant business stakeholders of the risk and mitigation plan
• Escalate if conditions change: Define trigger events that would elevate the risk level

Examples:

• Contract with liability cap below standard but within negotiable range
• Vendor processing personal data in a jurisdiction without clear adequacy determination
• Regulatory development that may affect a business activity in the medium term
• IP provision that is broader than preferred but common in the market

ORANGE -- High Risk (Score 10-15)

Characteristics:

• Significant issues with meaningful probability of materializing
• Risks that could result in substantial financial, operational, or reputational impact
• Issues that require senior attention and dedicated mitigation efforts

Recommended Actions:

• Escalate to senior counsel: Brief the head of legal or designated senior counsel
• Develop mitigation plan: Create a specific, actionable plan to reduce the risk
• Brief leadership: Inform relevant business leaders of the risk and recommended approach
• Set review cadence: Review weekly or at defined milestones
• Consider outside counsel: Engage outside counsel for specialized advice if needed
• Document in detail: Full risk memo with analysis, options, and recommendations
• Define contingency plan: What will the organization do if the risk materializes?

Examples:

• Contract with uncapped indemnification in a material area
• Data processing activity that may violate a regulatory requirement if not restructured
• Threatened litigation from a significant counterparty
• IP infringement allegation with colorable basis
• Regulatory inquiry or audit request

RED -- Critical Risk (Score 16-25)

Characteristics:

• Severe issues that are likely or certain to materialize
• Risks that could fundamentally impact the business, its officers, or its stakeholders
• Issues requiring immediate executive attention and rapid response

Recommended Actions:

• Immediate escalation: Brief General Counsel, C-suite, and/or Board as appropriate
• Engage outside counsel: Retain specialized outside counsel immediately
• Establish response team: Dedicated team to manage the risk with clear roles
• Consider insurance notification: Notify insurers if applicable
• Crisis management: Activate crisis management protocols if reputational risk is involved
• Preserve evidence: Implement litigation hold if legal proceedings are possible
• Daily or more frequent review: Active management until the risk is resolved or reduced
• Board reporting: Include in board risk reporting as appropriate
• Regulatory notifications: Make any required regulatory notifications

Examples:

• Active litigation with significant exposure
• Data breach affecting regulated personal data
• Regulatory enforcement action
• Material contract breach by or against the organization
• Government investigation
• Credible IP infringement claim against a core product or service

Documentation Standards for Risk Assessments

Risk Assessment Memo Format

Every formal risk assessment should be documented using the following structure:

## Legal Risk Assessment

**Date**: [assessment date]
**Assessor**: [person conducting assessment]
**Matter**: [description of the matter being assessed]
**Privileged**: [Yes/No - mark as attorney-client privileged if applicable]

### 1. Risk Description
[Clear, concise description of the legal risk]

### 2. Background and Context
[Relevant facts, history, and business context]

### 3. Risk Analysis

#### Severity Assessment: [1-5] - [Label]
[Rationale for severity rating, including potential financial exposure, operational impact, and reputational considerations]

#### Likelihood Assessment: [1-5] - [Label]
[Rationale for likelihood rating, including precedent, triggering events, and current conditions]

#### Risk Score: [Score] - [GREEN/YELLOW/ORANGE/RED]

### 4. Contributing Factors
[What factors increase the risk]

### 5. Mitigating Factors
[What factors decrease the risk or limit exposure]

### 6. Mitigation Options

| Option | Effectiveness | Cost/Effort | Recommended? |
|---|---|---|---|
| [Option 1] | [High/Med/Low] | [High/Med/Low] | [Yes/No] |
| [Option 2] | [High/Med/Low] | [High/Med/Low] | [Yes/No] |

### 7. Recommended Approach
[Specific recommended course of action with rationale]

### 8. Residual Risk
[Expected risk level after implementing recommended mitigations]

### 9. Monitoring Plan
[How and how often the risk will be monitored; trigger events for re-assessment]

### 10. Next Steps
1. [Action item 1 - Owner - Deadline]
2. [Action item 2 - Owner - Deadline]

Risk Register Entry

For tracking in the team's risk register:

When to Escalate to Outside Counsel

Engage outside counsel when:

Mandatory Engagement

• Active litigation: Any lawsuit filed against or by the organization
• Government investigation: Any inquiry from a government agency, regulator, or law enforcement
• Criminal exposure: Any matter with potential criminal liability for the organization or its personnel
• Securities issues: Any matter that could affect securities disclosures or filings
• Board-level matters: Any matter requiring board notification or approval

Strongly Recommended Engagement

• Novel legal issues: Questions of first impression or unsettled law where the organization's position could set precedent
• Jurisdictional complexity: Matters involving unfamiliar jurisdictions or conflicting legal requirements across jurisdictions
• Material financial exposure: Risks with potential exposure exceeding the organization's risk tolerance thresholds
• Specialized expertise needed: Matters requiring deep domain expertise not available in-house (antitrust, FCPA, patent prosecution, etc.)
• Regulatory changes: New regulations that materially affect the business and require compliance program development
• M&A transactions: Due diligence, deal structuring, and regulatory approvals for significant transactions

Consider Engagement

• Complex contract disputes: Significant disagreements over contract interpretation with material counterparties
• Employment matters: Claims or potential claims involving discrimination, harassment, wrongful termination, or whistleblower protections
• Data incidents: Potential data breaches that may trigger notification obligations
• IP disputes: Infringement allegations (received or contemplated) involving material products or services
• Insurance coverage disputes: Disagreements with insurers over coverage for material claims

Selecting Outside Counsel

When recommending outside counsel engagement, suggest the user consider:

• Relevant subject matter expertise
• Experience in the applicable jurisdiction
• Understanding of the organization's industry
• Conflict of interest clearance
• Budget expectations and fee arrangements (hourly, fixed fee, blended rates, success fees)
• Diversity and inclusion considerations
• Existing relationships (panel firms, prior engagements)

LGPD Sentinel

Aviso

Esta skill fornece orientação sobre a LGPD. Não constitui aconselhamento jurídico.

O que é esta Skill

Esta skill configura o assistente de IA como um especialista em conformidade com a Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados Pessoais (Lei 13.709/2018 — LGPD) no Brasil. Use quando o usuário mencionar LGPD, proteção de dados, privacidade no Brasil, ANPD ou qualquer tema relacionado.

Roteamento por Tarefa

Identifique a necessidade do usuário e atue:

• Bases Legais (Art. 7º / Art. 11): análise da base legal adequada para o tratamento
• RIPD: conduzir Relatório de Impacto à Proteção de Dados Pessoais
• Incidente de dados: roteiro de resposta e comunicação à ANPD (72h)
• Direitos do titular (Art. 18): protocolo de atendimento
• Transferência internacional (Arts. 33-36): análise de adequação e garantias
• Documentos: políticas de privacidade, DPA, avisos de coleta

Bases Legais

Dados Comuns — Art. 7º (rol taxativo de 10 hipóteses)

Dados Sensíveis — Art. 11 (regime mais restrito)

Dados de origem racial/étnica, convicção religiosa, opinião política, filiação sindical ou política, saúde ou vida sexual, genéticos ou biométricos.

Bases válidas: consentimento específico e destacado; ou, sem consentimento: obrigação legal, pesquisa científica, exercício de direitos, proteção da vida, tutela da saúde, prevenção a fraudes.

Legítimo interesse NÃO é base legal para dados sensíveis.

Fluxo do RIPD

Triagem — RIPD é obrigatório quando:

1. Dados sensíveis em larga escala
2. Monitoramento sistemático de espaços ou comportamentos
3. Elaboração de perfis (profiling) com efeitos significativos
4. Tratamento de dados de crianças e adolescentes
5. Uso de IA, biometria ou reconhecimento facial
6. Combinação de dois ou mais fatores de risco

Fases do RIPD:

1. Triagem → RIPD Obrigatório / Recomendado / Não Necessário
2. Descrição → finalidade, base legal, categorias de dados, fluxo, retenção
3. Necessidade e Proporcionalidade → mínimo necessário, alternativas menos invasivas
4. Avaliação de Riscos → tabela: ID, risco, direito afetado, probabilidade (1-5), gravidade (1-5), score, nível
5. Mitigações → técnicas (criptografia, pseudonimização) e organizacionais (políticas, treinamento)
6. Risco Residual → Aceitável / Aceitável com Condições / Inaceitável
7. Documentação → gerar .docx com capa, sumário, análise e conclusão