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physics-databases
GitHub用于查询权威物理数据库和常数，严禁硬编码。通过scipy.constants获取CODATA标准值，支持单位换算及按名称检索任意物理常数，确保数据准确性与时效性。
Trigger Scenarios
需要获取物理常数
进行物理单位换算
查找特定物理常量定义
Install
npx skills add synthetic-sciences/openscience --skill physics-databases -g -y
SKILL.md
Frontmatter
{
"name": "physics-databases",
"tags": [
"NIST",
"CODATA",
"Physical Constants",
"Database",
"Materials Project",
"PDG"
],
"author": "Synthetic Sciences",
"license": "MIT",
"version": "1.0.0",
"category": "physics",
"description": "Query physics databases — NIST CODATA constants, NIST Chemistry WebBook, Materials Project, Particle Data Group (PDG), OEIS sequences. Always use these instead of hardcoding physical constants.",
"dependencies": [
"scipy>=1.11.0",
"numpy>=1.24.0"
]
}
Physics Databases
Overview
Access physical constants and reference data from authoritative databases. Never hardcode physical constants — always query from scipy.constants (CODATA 2018) or NIST APIs.
CRITICAL: Always Use Database Values
- NEVER type physical constants from memory
- ALWAYS use
scipy.constantsor NIST lookup - Constants change between CODATA editions (e.g., 2014 → 2018 → 2022)
Core Workflows
1. CODATA Physical Constants (scipy.constants)
from scipy import constants as const
# Fundamental constants
print("=== Fundamental Constants (CODATA 2018) ===")
print(f"Speed of light: c = {const.c:.10e} m/s")
print(f"Planck constant: h = {const.h:.10e} J·s")
print(f"Reduced Planck: ℏ = {const.hbar:.10e} J·s")
print(f"Boltzmann constant: k = {const.k:.10e} J/K")
print(f"Gravitational const: G = {const.G:.10e} m³/(kg·s²)")
print(f"Elementary charge: e = {const.e:.10e} C")
print(f"Electron mass: mₑ = {const.m_e:.10e} kg")
print(f"Proton mass: mₚ = {const.m_p:.10e} kg")
print(f"Neutron mass: mₙ = {const.m_n:.10e} kg")
print(f"Vacuum permittivity: ε₀ = {const.epsilon_0:.10e} F/m")
print(f"Vacuum permeability: μ₀ = {const.mu_0:.10e} H/m")
print(f"Avogadro number: Nₐ = {const.N_A:.10e} mol⁻¹")
print(f"Gas constant: R = {const.R:.10e} J/(mol·K)")
print(f"Stefan-Boltzmann: σ = {const.sigma:.10e} W/(m²·K⁴)")
print(f"Fine structure: α = {const.fine_structure:.10e}")
print(f"Rydberg constant: R∞ = {const.Rydberg:.10e} m⁻¹")
print(f"Bohr radius: a₀ = {const.physical_constants['Bohr radius'][0]:.10e} m")
print(f"Standard gravity: g = {const.g:.6f} m/s²")
print(f"Standard atmosphere: atm= {const.atm:.2f} Pa")
2. Unit Conversions
# Energy conversions
print("\n=== Energy Conversions ===")
print(f"1 eV = {const.eV:.10e} J")
print(f"1 cal = {const.calorie:.6f} J")
print(f"1 BTU = {const.Btu:.6f} J")
print(f"1 erg = {const.erg:.10e} J")
# Length conversions
print("\n=== Length Conversions ===")
print(f"1 Å = {const.angstrom:.10e} m")
print(f"1 au = {const.au:.6e} m") # astronomical unit
print(f"1 ly = {const.light_year:.6e} m")
print(f"1 pc = {const.parsec:.6e} m")
# Temperature
print(f"\n0°C = {const.zero_Celsius:.2f} K")
# Pressure
print(f"\n1 atm = {const.atm:.2f} Pa")
print(f"1 bar = {const.bar:.2f} Pa")
print(f"1 torr = {const.torr:.6f} Pa")
3. Look Up Any CODATA Constant
# Search by name
def find_constant(keyword):
"""Search CODATA constants by keyword."""
results = []
for name, (value, unit, uncertainty) in const.physical_constants.items():
if keyword.lower() in name.lower():
results.append((name, value, unit, uncertainty))
print(f" {name}")
print(f" = {value:.10e} {unit}")
print(f" ± {uncertainty:.4e}")
return results
print("Searching for 'Bohr':")
find_constant("Bohr")
print("\nSearching for 'magnetic moment':")
find_constant("magnetic moment")
4. Materials Project API
# pip install mp-api
# Requires API key: https://materialsproject.org/api
def query_materials_project(formula, api_key=None):
"""
Query Materials Project for material properties.
Set MP_API_KEY environment variable or pass api_key.
"""
try:
from mp_api.client import MPRester
import os
key = api_key or os.environ.get('MP_API_KEY')
if not key:
print("Set MP_API_KEY environment variable")
return None
with MPRester(key) as mpr:
docs = mpr.summary.search(formula=[formula])
for doc in docs[:5]:
print(f" {doc.material_id}: {doc.formula_pretty}")
print(f" Space group: {doc.symmetry.symbol}")
print(f" Energy above hull: {doc.energy_above_hull:.4f} eV/atom")
print(f" Band gap: {doc.band_gap:.3f} eV")
print(f" Density: {doc.density:.3f} g/cm³")
return docs
except ImportError:
print("Install mp-api: pip install mp-api")
return None
# Example: query_materials_project("Si")
5. Particle Data Group (PDG)
# Key particle properties (from PDG 2024)
# These are reference values — for precision work, check pdg.lbl.gov
particles = {
'electron': {
'mass_MeV': 0.51099895,
'charge': -1,
'spin': 0.5,
'lifetime': 'stable',
},
'proton': {
'mass_MeV': 938.27208816,
'charge': +1,
'spin': 0.5,
'lifetime': 'stable (> 10^34 years)',
},
'neutron': {
'mass_MeV': 939.56542052,
'charge': 0,
'spin': 0.5,
'lifetime_s': 878.4, # ~14.6 minutes
},
'muon': {
'mass_MeV': 105.6583755,
'charge': -1,
'spin': 0.5,
'lifetime_s': 2.1969811e-6,
},
'pion_charged': {
'mass_MeV': 139.57039,
'charge': +1,
'spin': 0,
'lifetime_s': 2.6033e-8,
},
'W_boson': {
'mass_GeV': 80.3692,
'charge': +1,
'spin': 1,
},
'Z_boson': {
'mass_GeV': 91.1876,
'charge': 0,
'spin': 1,
},
'Higgs': {
'mass_GeV': 125.20,
'charge': 0,
'spin': 0,
},
}
# Always cite: "Particle Data Group, Phys. Rev. D 110, 030001 (2024)"
# For precision values: https://pdg.lbl.gov
6. Astronomical Constants
# Solar system data (IAU 2015 values)
print("\n=== Astronomical Constants ===")
print(f"Solar mass: M☉ = 1.98892e30 kg")
print(f"Solar radius: R☉ = 6.9634e8 m")
print(f"Solar luminosity: L☉ = 3.828e26 W")
print(f"Earth mass: M⊕ = 5.9722e24 kg")
print(f"Earth radius: R⊕ = 6.3781e6 m")
print(f"Moon mass: M☾ = 7.342e22 kg")
print(f"AU: 1 AU = {const.au:.6e} m")
# For precise values, use astropy:
# from astropy import constants as astro_const
# print(astro_const.M_sun)
Quick Reference
| Constant | Symbol | Value | scipy.constants |
|---|---|---|---|
| Speed of light | c | 2.998×10⁸ m/s | const.c |
| Planck | h | 6.626×10⁻³⁴ J·s | const.h |
| Boltzmann | k_B | 1.381×10⁻²³ J/K | const.k |
| Gravitational | G | 6.674×10⁻¹¹ m³/(kg·s²) | const.G |
| Elementary charge | e | 1.602×10⁻¹⁹ C | const.e |
| Electron mass | m_e | 9.109×10⁻³¹ kg | const.m_e |
| Proton mass | m_p | 1.673×10⁻²⁷ kg | const.m_p |
| Avogadro | N_A | 6.022×10²³ mol⁻¹ | const.N_A |
| Gas constant | R | 8.314 J/(mol·K) | const.R |
| 1 eV | — | 1.602×10⁻¹⁹ J | const.eV |
| 1 Å | — | 1.0×10⁻¹⁰ m | const.angstrom |
Tips
- Always
from scipy import constants as const— never type values manually - Check units:
const.physical_constants['Bohr radius']returns (value, unit, uncertainty) - For astrophysics: use
astropy.constantsfor additional astronomical constants - For materials: use
mp-apito query the Materials Project database - Cite your source: "CODATA 2018 via scipy.constants" or "PDG 2024"
Version History
- e9844a4 Current 2026-07-11 17:32
Dependencies
-
required
scipy>=1.11.0 -
required
numpy>=1.24.0
