知识图谱构建技术综述

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1. DOI : 10. 7544 i s sn1000-1239. 2016. 20148228 ? 53 ( 3 ): 582-600 , 2016 J ou r na l o f Compu t e r Re s e a r ch and De ve l opmen t ( 610054 ) ( l i u @ue s t c. edu. cn ) q Knowl e dg e Gr aph Con s t r u c t i on Te chn i e s qu L i u Qi ao , L i Yang , Duan Hong , L i u Yao , and Qi n Zh i guang ( Scho o l of Info rma t i on and Softwar e Engi ne e r i ng , Un i v e r s i t e c t r on i c Sc i enc e and Te chno l ogy of Ch i na , Chengdu y of El 610054 ) Ab s t r a c t Goog l e  s knowl edge g e chno l ogy ha s d r awn a l o t o f r e s e a r ch a t t en t i ons i n r e c en t ye r aph t a r s. Howeve r , due t o t he l imi t ed pub i s c l osur e o f t e chn i c a l de t a i l s , peop i nd i t d i f f i cu l t t o unde r s t and l i c d l e f t a t i on and va l ue o f t h i s t e chno l ogy.I n t h i s pape r , we i n t r oduc e t he key t e chn i s i nvo l ved t he conno que , i n t he cons t ruc t i on o f knowl edge g r aph i n a bo t t om-up way s t a r t i ng f r om a c l e a r l f i ned conc ep t y de r aph.F i r s t l and a t e chn i c a l a r ch i t e c t ur e o f t he knowl edge g s c r i be i n de t a i l t he de f i n i t i on and y , we de f t he knowl edge g hen we pr he t e chn i c a l f r amewo rk f o r knowl edge conno t a t i on o r aph , and t opos e t t ruc t i on , i n wh i ch t he cons t ruc t i on pr s d i v i ded i n t o t hr e e l eve l s a c co rd i ng t o t he r aph cons oc e s s i g abs t r a c t l eve l o f t he i npu t knowl edge ma t e r i a l s , i nc l ud i ng t he i n f o rma t i on ex t r a c t i on l aye r , t he oc e s s i ng l knowl edge i n t eg r a t i on l aye r , and t he knowl edge pr aye r , r e spe c t i ve l cond l he y.Se y , t r e s e a r ch s t a t us o f t he key t e chno l og i e s f o r e a ch l eve l a r e sur veyed compr ehens i ve l l so y and a e s o r adua l l r aph i nve s t i t ed c r i t i c a l l o r t he purpos f g eve a l i ng t he mys t e r i e s o f t he knowl edge g y r ga y f , t e chno l ogy , t he s t a t e-o f-t he-a r t pr og r e s s , and i t s r e l a t i onsh i w i t h r e l a t e d d i s c i l i n e s .F i n a l l f ve p p y i ma o r r e s e a r ch cha l l enge s i n t h i s a r e a a r e summa r i z ed , and t he co r r e spond i ng key r e s e a r ch i s sue s a r e j h i l i t ed. gh gh Ke r d s knowl edge g r aph ; s eman t i c Web ; i n f o rma t i on r e t r i eva l ; s eman t i c s e a r ch eng i ne ; na t ur a l y wo l anguage pr oc e s s i ng , , , . . 1 ) , 3 : , 、 ; 2 ) , , ; 3 ) . ; ; ; ; TP18 : 2014 - 11 - 06 ; : “ : 2015 - 04 - 08 ” ( 2011AA010706 ); ( 61133016 , 61272527 ); - ( MCM20121041 ) Th i s wo rk wa s suppo r t ed by t he Na t i ona l Hi chno l ogy Re s e a r ch and Deve l opmen t Pr og r am o f Ch i na ( 863 Pr og r am ) gh Te ( 2011AA010706 ), t he Na t i ona l Na t ur a l Sc i enc e Founda t i on o f Ch i na ( 61133016 , 61272527 ), and Mi n i s t r f Educ a t i on- y o Ch i naMob l i e Commun i c a t i ons Co r r a t i on Re s e a r ch Funds ( MCM20121041 ) . po
2. : 5 8 3 , , Web , ( Web 1. 0 ) . ( HowNe t ) 、 、 , ( l i nked da t a ), Web . [ 1 ] Web , Be rne r s-Le e ( s eman t i c Web ) . , W3C , . 、 ( We b o f d a t a ), , , . XLo r e ③ 、 1 ① ( knowl e dg e . r aph ) g ( OpenKN ) 、 “ 、 ( Knowwa r e ) . , 、 、 , . zh i sh i.me ④ 、 [ 2 ] , ⑤ GDM , ” , , , . , . , , . . . 2012 5 17 , , . Me t aweb , , , 2010 , . , , , , . , . . , 1 2006 , Be rne r s-Le e ( , l i nked da t a ) URI ( un i f o rm r e sour c e i den t i f i e r ), . RDF ( r e sour c e de s c r i t i on f r amewo rk ), OWL ( Web p on t o l ogy l anguage ), ② , : . , . , . , Sa t o r i , t t w3. o r s i I s sue s i nkedDa t a. h tml ② h ? ? www. ? De ? L p : g gn t t x l o r e. o r i ndex. a c t i on ③ h ? ? ? p : g t t zh i sh i. apex l ab. o r ④ h ? ? p : g t t f udan. edu. cn ⑤ h ? ? p : gdm. t t en. wi k i i a. o r k i edge Gr aph ⑥ h ? ? ? wi ? Knowl p : ped g Sa t o r i , , t t w3. o r s t anda r ds s eman t i cweb da t a ① h ? ? www. ? ? ? p : g , We i t z . . 2013 7 ( B i ng ) , ⑥ . , ,
3. 2016 , 53 ( 3 ) 5 8 4 , , 1. 1 1. . 1 , , , Wo l f r amAl pha , . . 5 “ . 10 - 350 , . Pr ob a s e , , Web , , . Wo l f r amAl pha , : . , , 1 , . : 3 1 ) , . , ( Tab l e 1 Knowl e dg e Gr aph and S imi l a r Pr odu c t s ), 1 , . . Knowl edge Ba s e Pr oduc t s Da t a Sour c e Knowl edge Vau l t a ch Eng i ne Goog l e Se Goog l e Now e eba s e , Wi k i i a , Fr ped Web Open Da t a Wo l f r am Al pha App l e S i r i Ma t hema t i c a B i ng Se a ch Eng i ne r t ana Mi c r o s o f t Co Wi k i i a , ped Web Open Da t a Wa t s on KB t s on IBM Wa Sys t em c t i ona r i e s Web Di The Wo r l d Book Enc l oped i a yc DBped i a KB DBped i a Wi k i i a ped YAGO KB YAGO Wi k i i a ped NELL KB NELL Web Open Da t a Fa c ebook KB Shopyc a t So c i a l Ne two rk Da t a Zh i l i f ang KB Sougou Se a ch Eng i ne Web Open Da t a Zh i x i n KB Ba i du Zh i x i n P l a t f o rm Us e r Gene r a t ed Con t en t XLORE Ch i ne s e l i sh ? Eng Enc l oped i a , yc Wi k i i a ped Zh i sh i. me KB Zh i sh i. me 2 ) , ( ove r l ay ne two rk ), Web , Web , , . 3 ) , , ( ); , . 1. 2 , ( ) , . , : 2 , . Ch i ne s e Enc l oped i a yc , 1 , . [ 3 ] i ngua l KB Cr o s s-L , , . App l e S i r i , Goog l e Now Sa t o r i oba s e ? Pr ” - . , , - , , - - . ( f a c t ) Gr aphd “ . ” - Tr i n i t y ” - “ , Fa c ebook , App l e , IBM , . , “ ” . , , , , . , . , 、
4. : 5 8 5 、 . , 1 , . , , ( . ), , , . , . 1 , 3 , : 、 . F i chn i c a l a r ch i t e c t u r e o f knowl edge g r aph. g.1 Te 1 2 2 . , , ; , , 1. 2 , , , , , : 1 ) 3 ( . , )、 , ; 2 ) , , , , ; 3 ) , . ( ), Knowl edge Vau l t Sa t o r i , , , , , , . , 、 、 . 、 . 2. 1 ( i n f o rma t i on ex t r a c t i on ) , , 、 , , , Fr e eba s e , 3 . : 1 , .
5. 2016 , 53 ( 3 ) 5 8 6 , [ 4 ] 、 . : S t an f o rd NER 、 . , . , Web 2. 0 , 2. 1. 1 , ( named en t i t y r e cogn i t i on , NER ), . ( . ) , , , , ( . ) [ 11 ] , ( . ), , 、 ( [ 5 ] ) [ 6 ] , Rau . 1991 . , , , . , [ 12 ] , Wh i t e l aw . , , , , . , , , [ 7 ] , L i u ( K -Ne a r e s t K - Ne i r s ) ghbo , . , Twi t t e r . . , , , , , , , . ( , ) , [ 8 ] , , L i n , Med l i ne . 2. 1. 2 , GENIA 70% , . , , , ( open doma i n ) , ) ( , . , , [ 13 ] J a i n , , . . , ; . , 2002 [ 9 ] , Sek i ne . : 1 ) 2 , 150 , ; 2 ) . , , . 2012 L i ng [ 10 ] Fr e eba s e , , . , , , 112 , , . 、 Kambha t l a [ 14 ] ,
6. : 5 8 7 [ 21 ] Fade r Tex tRunne r WOE , . , , , . [ 15 ] , , ( HowNe t ) , , , ACE , 6 .Maus am , 88%. , [ 22 ] , , , . , OILL IE , . [ 16 ] , Ca r l son . , Boo t s t r ap [ 17 ] . , , Boo t s t r app i ng , . , ( H- , N -Gr am [ 23 ] Banko CRF ), , , , . Zhang [ 18 ] , , , 、 , . . S t a tSnowba l l [ 24 ] . , 、 OIE , . 2 . 1 ) ( . , 2007 Banko ( op e n i n f o rma t i on e x t r a c t i on , ; 2 ) , ( s e l f-supe r v i s ed ) , . [ 25 ] ( Tex tRunne r ) . , , N KRAKEN , , OIE , . [ 26 ] , - Al an OIE , “ , , [ 19 ] OIE ), ) , McCa l l um ” - , OIE , . , . OIE , , , , [ 20 ] ( i n f obox ) , , , Wu 2. 1. 3 , OIE WOE . , , . , Tex tRunne r 、 , 、 、 . . , .
7. 2016 , 53 ( 3 ) 5 8 8 2. 2. 1 , ( en t i t i nk i ng ) y l , [ 27 ] . , [ 32 ] . . , . , Suchanek . [ 28 ] , Wi k i i a ped Wo rdNe t , , , ( YAGO ), 95%. YAGO , , DBped i a Fr e eba s e ( co l l e c t i ve en t i t i nk i ng ) . y l , [ 33 ] 458 . , 30 . L i nked Da t a , DBped i a : 1 ) , , Han , ; 2 ) 、 , , DBped i a [ 29 ] . , ; 3 ) , , . 1 ) . ( en t i t i s amb i t i on ) y d gua . . , , , , , “ ” ( ) , [ 30 ] ; , , , , . . . , ( , , . ), , , ( ① [ 31 ] . 4 . ) . , 2. 2 , , 、 . , , [ 34 ] , , , . : 2 , . , . Bagga , MUC6 ( Me s s a e Und e r s t a nd i ng g Con f e r enc e ) ( F 84. 6% ) . , , , ② . . ,
8. : 5 8 9 , , , . Ra t i nov , [ 42 ] . [ 41 ] [ 35 ] Pede r s en .Ochs , , DBped i a , , . , . ③ 、 . , , 2 ) . ( en t i t e so l u t i on ) y r , . , ,“ Ba r a c k Ob ama ”,“ ama ”, r e s i d e n t Ob p ( “ t he pr e s i den t ” ), . , “ he ”,“ h im ” , [ 36 ] Ma l i n , ( , . ) . . , . ④ ( , ) , , , . Han [ 37 ] ( en t i t t ch i ng ) y ma ( en t i t y synonyms ) . , [ 38 ] . , , , , . L i nden , Hobb s ( c en t e r i ng t heo r y ) .Hobbs , [ ] , Sen 39 , 86% [ 40 ] ( ob e c t j a l i t )、 gnmen , . Bune s cu : , , . Shen . ( Hobbs Hobbs ), [ 43 ] . Wo rdne t , . , : ( u t t e r anc e ) ( d i s cour s e ) , , , ( . ), , [ 44 ] . [ 32 ] , L i , , Twi t t e r , . , , . . , , , , . . Lapp i n [ 45 ] , , . , 3
9. 2016 , 53 ( 3 ) 5 9 0 , Hobbs 2. 2. 2 , . , .McCa r t hy ( l i nked open da t a ) , , C4. 5 DBped i a YAGO , , Mus i cBr a i nz MUC-5 [ 47 ] . Be an , , Ut ah Au t oS l og , Demps t e r-Sha f e r , 2 , . [ 46 ] 2 、 , 、 , , 4 ) 76% 87% ; ② , . , [ 52 ] . [ 53 ] , Mende s . , ( l i nked da t a i n t eg r a t i on f r amewo rk , LDIF ), . [ 48 ] .Turney n f o rma t i on , PMI ) mu t ua l i , TOEFL , . 1 ) . ① ( MUC- DrugBank ( i n twi s e po . LOD : ① 4 ; ② , , ; ③ ESL 74% [ 49 ] . Cheng , , , ; ④ , , . , , URL , ( c l i ck s imi l a r i t y ), , , . 2 ) . , : 2 ( ) , . Pan t e l [ 50 ] . , , Ha r r i s ( RDF ) . , RDB2RDF , ( t e rm s imi l a r i t y ), RDF , , . Chak r ab a r t i [ 51 ] 2 , ( t ex t s imi l a r i t r y ), que y con , , . , 200 . 2 MapReduc e , 50h 4 B i ng , , , , ( Tr RDB2RDF i l i f p y , D2R Se r ve r , OpenL i nk Vi r t uoso , Spa r lMap ), q , [ 54 ] , W3C 2012 . 2 : Di ( r e c t Mapp i ng A d i r e c t mapp i ng o f r e l a t i ona l da t a t o RDF ) R2RML ( RDB t o RDF ) , mapp i ng l anguage . Di r e c t Mapp i ng , 5 B i ng . , W3C RDF , RDF .
10. : 5 9 1 , R2RML , , R2RML , RDF , “ I sA ” , . , 270 92. 8% , [ 58 ] , . ( XML , CSV , JSON ) , 3 : RDF 、 [ 59 ] . 1 ) . , XSPARQL RDF , Da t a l i f t RDF , 2 XML XML , CSV , , RDF , , Pr oba s e . 2 , . [ 55 ] , . “ . ” “ ” , 2. 3 , 、 “ ” “ ” 2 , , , . ; . 2 ) , , . , 、 ( I sA ) , . ( : 3 、 , , , ,“ ) , ” “ , ” . 3 ) , . ( 2. 3. 1 ( on t o l ogy ) , 1 ) . , 2 : . , . , , , . , , : , . ( d i s t r i bu t i ona l s imi l a r i t y ) [ 56 ] , . “ I sA ” ( ) [ 60 ] , . , , . , 1 , N , , 1 , [ 57 ] , . ( ), , . , , , ( He a r s t , . . I sA [ 57 ] , KnowI tAl l , Tex tRunne r , NELL , , , , . I sA Pr oba s e , , Pr oba s e . , ) , . , . : , ,
11. 2016 , 53 ( 3 ) 5 9 2 [ 61 ] . “ dome s t i c Pr ob a s e , an ima l s o t he r t han dogs such a s c a t s ” , , , , . , I sA 2 :( c a t , I sA , dog ) ( c a t , I sA , dome s t i c an ima l ) . Pr oba s e ( A , f r i end , B ) f r i end , . [ 58 ] , , . , , [ 62 ] Wang B , , , . A , . , , , ( de s c r i t i on l og i c ) p , . . , . , , TBox ( t e rmi no l ogy box ) , ABox ( a s s e r t i on box ), TBox , ABox , . [ 63 ] Wang , . , , 2 ABox ( t e rm co-oc cur r enc e ne two rk ) ( CATHY ), [ 65 ] , . , [ 64 ] . L i u ( OWL ) Web , ( O ( n l og n )), 1h , OWL , 100 . , . , 2. 3. 2 , ( s eman t i c Web ru l e l anguage , SWRL ) , , . , [ 66 ] SWRL . , , , . ( , , ) ( , , ) ( , , ), ( , , ) . . Pa t h Rank i ng . ( neur a l t enso r ne two rks ) 、 Wo rdNe t , . , 86. 2% , , , ), ( ( , , , , Pa t h Rank i ng ( , 2 , , : . . 、 2 Pa r en t o f ( X , Y ) Pa r en t o f Ma r r i edTo , ( ed i c a t i on ) 2 pr . 1 X    → Z ←   Y , . ( i nd i v i dua l s ) 90. 0%. ), , ) . , Fr e eBa s e . , [ 67 ] Soche r , , ) ( Lu , [ 68 ] . Z , X Y
12. : 5 9 3 , , 、 [ 71 ] , . , . , , 、 、 . , , [ 69 ] , . . , , , . . , , [ ] 91% , , . 80% 72 . 2. 4 [ 70 ] , , Tab l e au , , . , . , , . , . 2. 3. 3 、 . , . 1 ) , 、 ( 、 ( ) . , ), , , . ( Fr ) , e eba s e ; 2 ) , , . , , , . : . , , , . , , ; . , Mende s [ 53 ] : 2 , , . ( , LDIF ( S i eve ), [ 52 ] ), . , . 3 REVERB , Fade r [ 21 ] , 1 000 , , , , REVERB . , . , Knowl edge Vau l t , , , , Fr e eba s e , ; 2 ) , . : ) 1
13. 2016 , 53 ( 3 ) 5 9 4 ; 3 ) 12. 47% , 12. 65% , , 2 . . 3. 2 , . , 、 , . . , ( . : 1 ) 3 ), , 2 ; 2 ) ; 3 ) , , . . , 2. 3. 1 , 2 , , , . , 3. 1 , , . , , l i ngua l on t o l ogy mapp i ng , Xl i ke XLo r e , . Xl i ke , , 、 、 、 、 , . XLo r e , 、 . : 1 ) 3 , ( , , Fu [ 76 ] SOCOM r ende r i ng ); 2 ) ma t ch i ng ); 3 ) ( [ 73 ] ( ma t ch i ng aud i t ), . Wang . [ 77 ] , . Nguye , a l i t ) gnmen . , 、 ( c r os s- [ 74 ] 、 、 , 85. 8% , , 88. 1%. , , . 202 141 . : 1 ) ( ) ; 2 ) , , . , Wang . [ 78 ] , Wang [ 75 ] . 1 ) , ( Wi k iC iKE ), ; 2 ) ; 3 ) , , , , . ( 、 , Wi k iC iKE 、 、 ) 4 . .
14. : 5 9 5 , 4 , , . [ 79 ] Yao 、 , 、 )、 . 、 Goog l e Now , App l e S i r i ) IBM Wa t son , Wo l f r am Al pha , Fr e eba s e ( , ); , ( ( ; Fr e eba s e ), Fr e eba s e , . , ( , ; , . Be r an t [ 80 ] Fr e eba s e ( l og i c , , f o rm ); , , ; ( ), . 2 ) . , , , , [ 81 ] Fade r , . ( SPARQL ), Fr e eba s e , . Be r an t , , , , . 、 :“ “ , , Fr e eba s e , , , , ( ,) ( [ 82 ] , ”, , Pr oba s e , 、 , ”, . , ,) , . . , ( 2. 4 5 ) . , 2012 , , 2 , , , , . 2 . , Pa r a l ex SEMPRE J a c ana-Fr e eba s e ② ; ③ , 1 ) t t c ode. l e. c om ? a c ana ① h ? ? ? ps : goog p j t t t a l l. c s. wa sh i ng t on. edu r a l ex ② h ? ? knowi ? p : pa t t l s t an f o r d. edu s o f twa r e ③ h ? ? www-n ? p : p. : : ① ( i n f o rma t i on r e t r i eva l )、 ( na t ur a l l anguage pr oc e s s i ng )、 ( WWW ) ( a r t i f i c i a l i n t e l l i e ) genc . Knowl edge Vau l t Sa t o r i ,
15. 2016 , 53 ( 3 ) 5 9 6 , . 1 ) . , , ( 、 、 6 ) , 、 、 , . ( Web o f documen t ) , 1 , 、 ( Web o f , . . 2 ) 、 da t a ) . , , . , , . , , . . 、 、 , , . ( 、 、 ) , , . , , , , . . 3 ) . , . : 、 、 . , [ 1 ] Chr i s t i an B , He a t h T , Be r ne r s-Le e T.L i nked da t a-t he s t o r y , s o f a r [ J ] .I n t e r na t i ona l J our na l on Seman t i c Web and I n f o rma t i on Sys t ems , 2009 , 5 ( 3 ): 1-22 [ 2 ] Chen Xueq i , J i n Xi ao l ong , Wang Yuanzhuo , e t a l.Sur vey on . , b i t a s t em and ana l t i c t e chno l ogy [ J ] .J our na l o f g da ys y , So f twa r e , 2014 , 25 ( 9 ): 1889-1908 ( i n Ch i ne s e ) , ( . 4 ) , , [ J ] . , , , . , 2014 , 25 ( 9 ): 1889-1908 ) [ 3 ] Wang Yuanzhuo , J i a Yan t ao , L i u Dawe i , e t a l.Open Web i ded i n f o rma t i on s e a r ch and da t a mi n i ng [ J ] . knowl edge a , . J our na l o f Compu t e r Re s e a r ch and Deve l opmen t , 2014 , 52 ( 2 ): 456-474 ( i n Ch i ne s e ) , ( , , , , . [ J ] . . 5 ) 、 , , 2014 , 52 ( 2 ): 456- 474 ) [ 4 ] Cowi e J , Lehne r t W. I n f o rma t i on ex t r a c t i on [ J ] . , Commun i c a t i ons o f t he ACM , 1996 , 39 ( 1 ): 80-91 , [ 5 ] Ch i ncho r N , Ma r sh E.Muc-7i n f o rma t i on ex t r a c t i on t a sk de f i n i t i on [ C ] ? o c o f t he 7 t h Me s s age Unde r s t and i ng ? Pr . Con f.Ph i l ade l i a : L i ngu i s t i c Da t a Cons o r t i um , 1998 : 359- ph , , , SQL , . , , 367 [ 6 ] Rau L F.Ex t r a c t i ng c ompany name s f r om t ex t [ C ] ? o c o f ? Pr t he 7 t h IEEE Con f on Ar t i f i c i a l I n t e l l i e App l i c a t i ons. genc P i s c a t away , NJ : IEEE , 1991 : 29-32
16. : 5 9 7 [ 7 ] L i u Xi aohua , Zhang Shaod i an , We i Fur u , e t a l.Re c ogn i z i ng [ 18 ] Zhang Yimi ng , Zhou J F.A t r a i nab l e me t hod f o r ex t r a c t i ng named en t i t i e s i n twe e t s [ C ] ? o c o f t he 49 t h Annua l ? Pr Ch i ne s e en t i t s and t he i r r e l a t i ons [ C ] ? o c o f t he 2nd ? Pr y name Me e t i ng o f t he As s o c i a t i on f o r Compu t a t i ona l L i ngu i s t i c s : Wo rkshop on Ch i ne s e Language Con unc t i on wi t h t he 38 t h j Human Language Te chno l og i e s.S t r oudsbur g , PA : ACL , e t i ng o f t he As s o c i a t i on f o r Compu t a t i ona l Annua l Me 2011 : 359-367 L i ngu i s t i c s.S t r oudsbur g , PA : ACL , 2000 : 66-72 [ 8 ] L i n Yi f eng , Ts a i Tz onghan , Chou Wench i , e t a l. A [ 19 ] Banko M , Ca f a r e l l a M J , Sode r l and S , e t a l. 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S t r oudsbur g , f.New Yo rk : Eur ope an Language Re s our c e s Eva l ua t i on Con PA : ACL , 2010 : 118-127 As s o c i a t i on , 2002 : 1818-1824 [ 21 ] Fade r A , Sode r l and S , Et z i on i O.I den t i f i ng r e l a t i ons f o r y [ 10 ] L i ng Xi ao , We l d D.S.F i ne-g t i t e c ogn i t i on [ C ] ? r a i ned en ? y r open i n f o rma t i on ex t r a c t i on [ C ] ? o c o f t he Con f on ? Pr Pr o c o f t he 26 t h Con f on As s o c i a t i on f o r t he Advanc emen t o f Emp i r i c a l Me t hods i n Na t ur a l Language Pr o c e s s i ng. Ar t i f i c i a l I n t e l l i e.Men l o Pa rk , CA : AAAI , 2012 : 94- genc S t r oudsbur g , PA : ACL , 2011 : 1535-1545 100 [ 22 ] Maus am , Schmi t z M , Ba r t R , e t a l.Open l anguage l e a r n i ng [ 11 ] Zhao Jun , L i u kang , Zhou Guangyou , e t a l. Open i n f o rma t i on ex t r a c t i on [ J ] .J our na l o f Ch i ne s e I n f o rma t i on 6 ): 98-110 ( i n Ch i ne s e ) Pr o c e s s i ng , 2011 , 25 ( ( , , , . 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