Observability triage

Query Cloudflare Workers Observability for prod errors, count them correctly, and skip the noise that has already been investigated to a dead end. Apply the known-noise list below without re-investigating those entries.

Access

• Resolve the account at runtime — never hardcode it: the cloudflare-api MCP server pre-binds accountId in mcp__cloudflare-api__execute, and npx wrangler whoami prints it. The workers to triage are the ones this repo deploys (see deploy/alchemy/alchemy.run.ts): the main app worker plus the aux workers (audit engine, landing, self-host).
• Query via the cloudflare-api MCP server (mcp__cloudflare-api__execute). If its tools are absent, run its authenticate flow and give the user the URL — wrangler's OAuth token gets a 403 on the observability API (missing scope), so don't burn time on curl-with-wrangler-token.
• PostHog is the second error source but cannot see exceededMemory / canceled / responseStreamDisconnected outcomes — worker-outcome questions are answerable only here.

Query recipes (verified shapes)

POST /accounts/{account_id}/workers/observability/telemetry/query. All of these are load-bearing; the API's 400s are opaque:

• queryId: "adhoc" is required. Timeframe is epoch milliseconds: timeframe: { from, to }.

• Count invocations by outcome:

  {
    "queryId": "adhoc",
    "timeframe": { "from": 0, "to": 0 },
    "parameters": {
      "datasets": ["cloudflare-workers"],
      "filters": [
        { "key": "$metadata.type", "operation": "eq", "value": "cf-worker-event", "type": "string" }
      ],
      "calculations": [{ "operator": "count", "alias": "count" }],
      "groupBys": [
        { "value": "$workers.scriptName", "type": "string" },
        { "value": "$workers.outcome", "type": "string" }
      ],
      "limit": 100
    },
    "view": "calculations",
    "limit": 100
  }
  

• The cf-worker-event filter is what makes counts mean invocations; without it you count every log line.

• Raw samples: view: "events", empty calculations/groupBys, small limit. Events carry $metadata (service, trigger, level, message, fingerprint, requestId) and $workers (outcome, scriptName, scriptVersion, wallTimeMs, cpuTimeMs, eventType).

• Error-level app logs grouped by message: filter $metadata.level eq error, groupBy $metadata.message.

• Verified filter operations: eq, neq. Percentiles: the API wants "median", not "p50". Filter for substrings client-side on fetched events.

• Useful drill-downs: groupBy $metadata.trigger (route), $workers.scriptVersion (did a deploy change the rate mid-window), $workers.event.request.headers.user-agent.

Counting gotchas

• Grouped results are unsorted and effectively capped (~10 rows returned regardless of limit). A missing group ≠ zero. To see error outcomes, add $workers.outcome neq ok instead of hoping the error rows make the cut; sort client-side.
• One isolate death fans out. An OOM kills every request pinned to the isolate at the same instant — cluster raw OOM events by timestamp before reading the count as user impact.
• Message prefixes fragment groups. Logs with leading timestamps (better-auth's format) split one error into N single-count groups; grouped-by-message counts badly understate them. Sample events and merge client-side.
• Prod deploys are manual — main being fixed doesn't mean prod runs the fix. Check $workers.scriptVersion and the scripts' modified_on before concluding a fix didn't work.

Workflow failures

• An Error logged as an argument loses its message. console.error("x failed:", error) lands in Workers Logs as x failed: at async … (frames only, no Error: message line), and an Error inside a logged object serializes to {remote: true} or {}. Grep the stack for the call site, then read the real message from describeError(error) in the newer log lines (src/server/lib/errors.ts) or from the Workflows instance below.
• The engine records why a step attempt failed. GET /accounts/{account_id}/workflows/{workflow_name}/instances?status=errored&date_start=<iso> lists errored instances (workflow names are in wrangler.jsonc: ai-visibility-workflow, rank-check-workflow, site-audit-workflow on the audit worker, local-rank-workflow); GET …/instances/{id} returns error plus every step with its attempts and each attempt's error.name/error.message. This is the only place the message of a step failure survives.
• WorkflowInternalError: Attempt failed due to internal workflows error on an attempt is the engine's own failure, not app code: the invocation running the step is reported canceled about 30 s later. It comes in bursts that line up with Cloudflare status incidents (Workflows, Durable Objects, or a network incident in the Ashburn region that hosts prod). The same bursts make the binding's create() reject (at async WorkflowImpl.create (cloudflare-internal:workflows-api…)). Check cloudflarestatus.com/history for the window before reading code.
• canceled is normal for workflow invocations. The engine cancels an invocation after its steps finished or while it sleeps (hundreds a day per workflow with no errored instance behind them), so count errored instances, not canceled invocations.

Profiling (CPU and heap flamegraphs)

Cloudflare captures an on-demand CPU or allocation profile from a live production isolate (shipped 2026-10-09). Reach for it only when the question is "where does the CPU or memory go", which logs and invocation metrics cannot answer; routine error triage never needs it. A capture only samples one already-running isolate for the requested window; keep windows at 10 to 15 s.

• Capture with the cf CLI (npm i -g cf, cf login once). It writes the pprof protobuf to stdout (the raw API response is gzipped; the reader below accepts both):

  cf workers versions profile latest --worker-id open-seo --duration-ms 10000 --profile-type cpu > open-seo-cpu.pprof
  cf workers versions profile latest --worker-id open-seo --duration-ms 15000 --profile-type heap > open-seo-heap.pprof
  

  API equivalent: POST /accounts/{account_id}/workers/workers/{worker_id}/versions/latest/profile with { "duration_ms": 10000, "profile_type": "cpu" } (worker ids from GET /accounts/{account_id}/workers/workers). The dashboard shows the same capture as a flamegraph: Worker → Observability → Flamegraph view.

• Read it without Go: node .agents/skills/observability-triage/scripts/pprof-top.mjs open-seo-cpu.pprof prints the hottest self and inclusive frames. Google's pprof opens the file too.

• It only samples an isolate that is already serving traffic; nothing is started for you. The app worker always qualifies. The audit worker returns 0 samples unless an audit is running, so start one first. Idle preview and self-host workers fail with "The Worker has no loaded isolate in its recent execution locations" or "No recent executions were found".

• One capture is one isolate in one colo, chosen among the ones that ran recently, so repeat a capture before trusting a small frame. A 10 s CPU capture under normal load yields ~2,000 samples at 1 ms intervals.

• Function names are readable without source maps (the Vite build keeps them); file names are chunk hashes like index-OuwxKDQa.js. The production deploy uploads its source maps to PostHog error tracking and deletes them before deploying, so Cloudflare never has them and chunk names here stay hashes.

• A heap profile shows allocations made during the window (one stack per ~512 kB allocated), not retained memory: it finds churn, not leaks.

• Pair it with invocation data to see which route pays for the frames: group cf-worker-event by $metadata.trigger with sum, median, and p90 of $workers.cpuTimeMs. A 10 s capture of one isolate weights whatever that isolate happened to serve, so convert a hot frame's share into milliseconds against the route's mean before acting on it: a frame at a third of a profile dominated by 2 ms auth failures is worth well under 1 ms per request.

Known noise — filter these out, do not re-investigate

Entries land here only after an investigation proved there is no first-party emit site to fix or demote. Each keeps the one condition that would make it real signal again.

1. SAM chat Durable Object lifecycle (close code 1006)

• Messages (one phenomenon, counted three ways): Connection closed: this Durable Object instance is no longer active. Reconnect or retry the request. (hibernation/eviction), Durable Object reset because its code was updated. (deploy), plus the paired invocation summary whose $metadata.error is close.
• Identify by: eventType: "hibernatableWebSocket", entrypoint SamChatAgent/OnboardingChatAgent, webSocketType: "close", code: 1006, wasClean: false, outcome: "exception", single-digit wallTimeMs, cpuTimeMs: 0, no stack. Fingerprints 3aa4cac26653d09a0a41100a33d413ae (exception), 0ae15457af49b4d9a117eeecf66b040a (summary).
• Why unfixable: the DO is destroyed under the JS — its IoContext is already aborted when workerd delivers webSocketClose, so the first await never settles. partyserver already try/catches the whole close path; an onClose override would catch nothing.
• Nothing breaks: transcripts persist per message in DO SQLite, PartySocket reconnects unconditionally, and credit metering (onChatResponse) never fires on an aborted turn.
• Real signal: a sustained rise that does not correlate with a deploy (would mean mid-conversation evictions beyond hibernation).

2. Network connection lost.

• Identify by: fingerprint be89d4ff7a64cb4d4dceae0f51cfe708, or the message verbatim. Runtime-generated shape: source.level absent, source.exception present, $metadata.origin: "fetch" — the opposite of every app log (source.level present, no exception).
• Why unfixable: workerd's own record of a client disconnecting mid-stream; the exception never enters app code — the sibling request event for the same requestId has outcome: "ok". No emit site exists; wrangler.jsonc observability config has no per-message filter. Do not add try/catch around the stream handlers (dead ceremony).
• Real signal: if the /mcp share of this group grows, treat it as a tool-call-latency symptom (clients timing out and cancelling) and route it to the /mcp performance track — not to this log group.

Runtime-vs-app litmus test

Before investigating any unfamiliar error event: source.level absent + source.exception present ⇒ the Workers runtime wrote it, not the app. There is no call site to grep for; judge it by the sibling request's outcome.

Adding an entry

Add to this list only after establishing there is no first-party emit site (grep the message; check the runtime-vs-app litmus above) and nothing is left in a wrong state. Every entry must include identify-by markers (fingerprint if stable) and its real-signal condition.