Deno

Deno is a secure TypeScript/JavaScript runtime with built-in tooling. No node_modules, no bundler config, no tsconfig.json needed. TypeScript runs natively. All APIs use web standards (fetch, Request, Response, Web Streams).

CLI Commands

deno run server.ts                    # Run a file
deno run --watch server.ts            # Restart on file changes
deno task dev                         # Run task from deno.json
deno test                             # Run tests
deno bench                            # Run benchmarks
deno fmt                              # Format code
deno lint                             # Lint code
deno check server.ts                  # Type-check without running
deno compile --output myapp server.ts # Compile to standalone binary
deno serve server.ts                  # Run an HTTP server (export default handler)
deno doc mod.ts                       # Generate documentation
deno info server.ts                   # Show dependency tree
deno repl                             # Interactive REPL
deno upgrade                          # Upgrade Deno itself

Permissions Model

Deno is secure by default. Scripts have no file, network, or environment access unless explicitly granted.

deno run --allow-read server.ts                  # All file reads
deno run --allow-read=/tmp,./data server.ts      # Specific paths only
deno run --allow-write=./output server.ts        # Write to specific dir
deno run --allow-net server.ts                   # All network access
deno run --allow-net=api.example.com server.ts   # Specific hosts
deno run --allow-env=DATABASE_URL,PORT server.ts # Specific env vars
deno run --allow-run=git,deno server.ts          # Specific subprocesses
deno run --allow-ffi server.ts                   # Foreign function interface
deno run --allow-sys server.ts                   # System info (OS, memory)
deno run -A server.ts                            # Allow all (development only)
deno run --deny-net server.ts                    # Explicitly deny network

Prompt mode: without flags, Deno asks interactively at runtime. Use --no-prompt to deny all unpermitted access silently.

deno.json Configuration

{
  "tasks": {
    "dev": "deno run --watch --allow-net --allow-read server.ts",
    "test": "deno test --allow-read",
    "build": "deno compile --output dist/app server.ts"
  },
  "imports": {
    "@std/": "jsr:@std/",
    "oak": "jsr:@oak/oak@^17",
    "zod": "npm:zod@^3.23"
  },
  "compilerOptions": {
    "strict": true,
    "jsx": "react-jsx",
    "jsxImportSource": "preact"
  },
  "fmt": {
    "useTabs": false,
    "lineWidth": 100,
    "indentWidth": 2,
    "semiColons": true,
    "singleQuote": false
  },
  "lint": {
    "rules": {
      "exclude": ["no-unused-vars"]
    }
  },
  "exclude": ["node_modules", "dist"],
  "lock": true,
  "nodeModulesDir": "auto"
}

The imports field replaces import maps. All bare specifiers resolve through it. Run deno add @std/path to auto-add entries.

Standard Library (@std)

All modules live on JSR under @std. Add with deno add @std/<module>.

// File I/O
import { exists, ensureDir, copy, walk } from "@std/fs";
import { join, resolve, basename, extname } from "@std/path";

await ensureDir("./output");
for await (const entry of walk("./src", { exts: [".ts"] })) {
  console.log(entry.path);
}

// HTTP
import { serveDir } from "@std/http/file-server";

// Testing assertions
import { assertEquals, assertThrows, assertRejects } from "@std/assert";

// Text encoding/decoding
import { encodeBase64, decodeBase64 } from "@std/encoding/base64";

// Datetime
import { format, parse } from "@std/datetime";

// Collections
import { groupBy, partition, sortBy } from "@std/collections";

// Async utilities
import { delay, deadline, retry } from "@std/async";
await retry(() => fetch("https://api.example.com"), { maxAttempts: 3 });

// Streams
import { TextLineStream } from "@std/streams";

npm and Node.js Compatibility

Use npm: specifiers to import any npm package. No install step needed.

import express from "npm:express@4";
import chalk from "npm:chalk@5";
import { z } from "npm:zod@3";

const app = express();
app.get("/", (_req, res) => res.json({ hello: "world" }));
app.listen(3000);

Node built-in modules work with node: prefix:

import { readFileSync } from "node:fs";
import { join } from "node:path";
import { createServer } from "node:http";
import { EventEmitter } from "node:events";

Set "nodeModulesDir": "auto" in deno.json for packages that need node_modules on disk (native addons, frameworks expecting it).

JSR (JavaScript Registry)

JSR is a TypeScript-first registry. Packages work in Deno, Node, and Bun.

deno add @std/path                  # Add to deno.json imports
deno add @oak/oak                   # Add third-party package

Publishing to JSR:

// deno.json
{
  "name": "@myorg/mylib",
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "exports": "./mod.ts"
}

deno publish              # Publish to JSR
deno publish --dry-run    # Preview what would be published

JSR requires explicit type exports. No any in public API signatures.

HTTP Server

Deno.serve (recommended)

Deno.serve({ port: 8000 }, async (req: Request): Promise<Response> => {
  const url = new URL(req.url);

  if (url.pathname === "/api/health") {
    return Response.json({ status: "ok" });
  }

  if (url.pathname === "/api/users" && req.method === "POST") {
    const body = await req.json();
    return Response.json({ created: body }, { status: 201 });
  }

  if (url.pathname.startsWith("/static/")) {
    const { serveDir } = await import("@std/http/file-server");
    return serveDir(req, { fsRoot: "./public", urlRoot: "static" });
  }

  return new Response("Not Found", { status: 404 });
});

deno serve (multi-worker)

Export a default object with a fetch handler. Run with deno serve:

// server.ts
export default {
  fetch(req: Request): Response {
    return new Response("Hello from Deno!");
  },
};

deno serve --parallel server.ts    # Multi-core, auto-selects worker count
deno serve --port 3000 server.ts

Middleware Pattern

type Handler = (req: Request) => Response | Promise<Response>;
type Middleware = (next: Handler) => Handler;

const logger: Middleware = (next) => async (req) => {
  const start = performance.now();
  const res = await next(req);
  console.log(`${req.method} ${new URL(req.url).pathname} ${res.status} ${(performance.now() - start).toFixed(1)}ms`);
  return res;
};

const cors: Middleware = (next) => async (req) => {
  const res = await next(req);
  res.headers.set("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", "*");
  return res;
};

const compose = (...mws: Middleware[]) => (handler: Handler) =>
  mws.reduceRight((h, mw) => mw(h), handler);

const app = compose(logger, cors)((req) => Response.json({ ok: true }));
Deno.serve(app);

Deno KV

Built-in key-value store. Works locally (SQLite-backed) and on Deno Deploy (globally distributed).

const kv = await Deno.openKv();       // Local or Deploy
// const kv = await Deno.openKv("https://api.deno.com/databases/<id>/connect");  // Remote

// CRUD
await kv.set(["users", "alice"], { name: "Alice", role: "admin" });
const entry = await kv.get(["users", "alice"]);
console.log(entry.value);   // { name: "Alice", role: "admin" }
console.log(entry.versionstamp);

await kv.delete(["users", "alice"]);

// List by prefix
const iter = kv.list({ prefix: ["users"] });
for await (const entry of iter) {
  console.log(entry.key, entry.value);
}

// Atomic operations (optimistic concurrency)
const user = await kv.get(["users", "alice"]);
const result = await kv.atomic()
  .check(user)   // Fail if versionstamp changed
  .set(["users", "alice"], { ...user.value, role: "superadmin" })
  .sum(["stats", "updates"], 1n)   // Atomic counter
  .commit();
console.log(result.ok);   // true or false

// Enqueue (built-in queue)
await kv.enqueue({ type: "email", to: "alice@example.com", subject: "Welcome" });
kv.listenQueue(async (msg) => {
  console.log("Processing:", msg);
});

// Watch for changes
const stream = kv.watch([["users", "alice"]]);
for await (const [entry] of stream) {
  console.log("Changed:", entry.value);
}

Deno Deploy

Serverless edge platform. Runs Deno code on 35+ regions. Supports Deno KV, BroadcastChannel, cron.

# Install deployctl
deno install -Arf jsr:@deno/deployctl

# Deploy
deployctl deploy --project=my-app server.ts
deployctl deploy --project=my-app --prod server.ts   # Production deploy

# From GitHub: connect repo in Deno Deploy dashboard for automatic deploys

Deno Deploy supports:

• Deno.serve for HTTP
• Deno.openKv() for globally distributed KV
• Deno.cron() for scheduled tasks
• BroadcastChannel for cross-isolate communication
• Web standard APIs (fetch, crypto, streams)
• npm packages via npm: specifiers

// Scheduled tasks on Deploy
Deno.cron("cleanup", "0 * * * *", async () => {
  const kv = await Deno.openKv();
  // Cleanup logic
});

Fresh Framework

Full-stack web framework for Deno. Islands architecture: zero JS shipped by default, interactive components hydrated on demand.

deno run -A -r https://fresh.deno.dev my-app   # Scaffold project
cd my-app && deno task dev                       # Start dev server

Routes (file-based)

routes/
  index.tsx          -> GET /
  about.tsx          -> GET /about
  blog/[slug].tsx    -> GET /blog/:slug
  api/users.ts       -> API route (no UI)
  _layout.tsx        -> Layout wrapper
  _404.tsx           -> Custom 404

Route with Handler

// routes/api/users.ts
import { Handlers } from "$fresh/server.ts";

export const handler: Handlers = {
  async GET(_req, ctx) {
    const users = await getUsers();
    return Response.json(users);
  },
  async POST(req, _ctx) {
    const body = await req.json();
    const user = await createUser(body);
    return Response.json(user, { status: 201 });
  },
};

Island Component

// islands/Counter.tsx
import { useSignal } from "@preact/signals";

export default function Counter() {
  const count = useSignal(0);
  return (
    <div>
      <p>{count.value}</p>
      <button onClick={() => count.value++}>+1</button>
    </div>
  );
}

// Use in a route (only Counter hydrates on client)
// routes/index.tsx
import Counter from "../islands/Counter.tsx";
export default function Home() {
  return <div><h1>Welcome</h1><Counter /></div>;
}

Testing

import { assertEquals, assertRejects, assertThrows } from "@std/assert";
import { describe, it, beforeEach, afterEach } from "@std/testing/bdd";
import { stub, spy, assertSpyCalls } from "@std/testing/mock";
import { FakeTime } from "@std/testing/time";

// Basic
Deno.test("addition", () => {
  assertEquals(1 + 1, 2);
});

// Async
Deno.test("fetch data", async () => {
  const res = await fetch("https://api.example.com/data");
  assertEquals(res.status, 200);
});

// BDD style
describe("UserService", () => {
  let service: UserService;
  beforeEach(() => { service = new UserService(); });

  it("should create a user", async () => {
    const user = await service.create({ name: "Alice" });
    assertEquals(user.name, "Alice");
  });
});

// Mocking
Deno.test("stubbing", () => {
  const fn = spy(() => 42);
  fn();
  assertSpyCalls(fn, 1);

  using _stub = stub(Math, "random", () => 0.5);
  assertEquals(Math.random(), 0.5);
  // Stub auto-restores when _stub goes out of scope (using declaration)
});

// Fake time
Deno.test("fake time", () => {
  using time = new FakeTime();
  const start = Date.now();
  time.tick(1000);
  assertEquals(Date.now() - start, 1000);
});

deno test                              # Run all tests
deno test tests/auth_test.ts           # Specific file
deno test --filter "UserService"       # Filter by name
deno test --coverage=cov_profile       # Collect coverage
deno coverage cov_profile              # Display coverage report
deno coverage cov_profile --lcov > lcov.info  # LCOV output
deno test --doc                        # Test code examples in JSDoc

FFI (Foreign Function Interface)

Call native C/Rust libraries from Deno.

const lib = Deno.dlopen("./libmath.so", {
  add: { parameters: ["i32", "i32"], result: "i32" },
  multiply: { parameters: ["f64", "f64"], result: "f64" },
});

console.log(lib.symbols.add(2, 3));        // 5
console.log(lib.symbols.multiply(2.5, 4)); // 10.0
lib.close();

Requires --allow-ffi (or -A). Supported types: i8, i16, i32, i64, u8, u16, u32, u64, f32, f64, pointer, buffer, void.

WebSocket and WebWorker

WebSocket Server

Deno.serve((req) => {
  if (req.headers.get("upgrade") === "websocket") {
    const { socket, response } = Deno.upgradeWebSocket(req);
    socket.onopen = () => console.log("connected");
    socket.onmessage = (e) => socket.send(`echo: ${e.data}`);
    socket.onclose = () => console.log("disconnected");
    return response;
  }
  return new Response("Not a WebSocket request", { status: 400 });
});

Web Workers

// worker.ts
self.onmessage = (e: MessageEvent) => {
  const result = heavyComputation(e.data);
  self.postMessage(result);
};

// main.ts
const worker = new Worker(new URL("./worker.ts", import.meta.url).href, {
  type: "module",
});
worker.postMessage({ input: "data" });
worker.onmessage = (e) => console.log("Result:", e.data);

Migration from Node.js

1. Rename package.json scripts to deno.json tasks
2. Replace bare imports with npm: specifiers or JSR packages
3. Add node: prefix to Node built-in imports (fs -> node:fs)
4. Add permission flags to run commands
5. Replace __dirname with import.meta.dirname (Deno 1.40+)
6. Replace __filename with import.meta.filename
7. Replace require() with import (Deno supports CJS via npm: but prefers ESM)
8. Set "nodeModulesDir": "auto" if packages expect node_modules

# Before (Node)
node --env-file=.env server.js

# After (Deno)
deno run --allow-net --allow-read --allow-env server.ts

Deno vs Node vs Bun