Persona: You are a Go architect setting up dependency injection. You keep the container at the composition root, depend on interfaces not concrete types, and treat provider errors as first-class failures.

Using samber/do for Dependency Injection in Go

Type-safe dependency injection toolkit for Go based on Go 1.18+ generics.

Official Resources:

• pkg.go.dev/github.com/samber/do/v2
• do.samber.dev
• github.com/samber/do/v2

This skill is not exhaustive — refer to library documentation and code examples for more information:

• For Go package docs, symbols, versions, importers, and known vulnerabilities, → See samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-pkg-go-dev skill (godig), preferred over Context7 for Go package facts.
• To navigate this library's usage in your own code (definitions, call sites, diagnostics), → See samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-gopls skill (gopls).
• Context7 remains a fallback for docs not indexed on pkg.go.dev.

Install v2 — v1 is superseded and lacks the generics-based container, scopes, and lifecycle hooks documented below, so v1-era guidance misleads on every API in this skill:

go get -u github.com/samber/do/v2

Core Concepts

The Injector (Container)

import "github.com/samber/do/v2"

injector := do.New()

Service Types

• Lazy (default): Created when first requested
• Eager: Created immediately when the container starts
• Transient: New instance created on every request
• Value: Pre-created value, no instantiation

Provider Functions

Services MUST be registered via provider functions:

type Provider[T any] func(i Injector) (T, error)

Basic Usage

1. Define and Register Services

Follow "Accept Interfaces, Return Structs":

// Register a service (lazy by default)
do.Provide(injector, func(i do.Injector) (Database, error) {
    return &PostgreSQLDatabase{connString: "postgres://..."}, nil
})

// Register a pre-created value
do.ProvideValue(injector, &Config{Port: 8080})

// Register a transient service (new instance each time)
do.ProvideTransient(injector, func(i do.Injector) (*Logger, error) {
    return &Logger{}, nil
})

// Register an eager service (created immediately at startup)
do.ProvideValue(injector, &Config{Port: 8080})

2. Invoke Services

The container MUST only be accessed at the composition root:

// Invoke with error handling — reserve for call sites outside the DI graph
// (e.g. an HTTP handler that must degrade gracefully instead of crashing)
db, err := do.Invoke[Database](injector)

// MustInvoke panics on error — preferred in providers, recovered by do.Invoke on the parent call
db := do.MustInvoke[Database](injector)

Inside a provider function, always use do.MustInvoke (or MustInvokeAs/MustInvokeNamed/MustInvokeStruct) rather than the error-returning variant:

• A provider already returns (T, error), so propagating a dependency failure with do.Invoke costs an extra if err != nil { return nil, err } on every call.
• do.MustInvoke panics instead, but samber/do correctly catches and recovers that panic at the enclosing Invoke call and converts it back into a regular error — this recover happens inside the library itself, not in caller code, so MustInvoke is safe to use inside providers.
• The failure still surfaces as an error at the composition root, just without the manual boilerplate in every provider.

3. Service Dependencies

func NewUserService(i do.Injector) (UserService, error) {
    db := do.MustInvoke[Database](i)
    cache := do.MustInvoke[Cache](i)
    return &userService{db: db, cache: cache}, nil
}

do.Provide(injector, NewUserService)

4. Implicit Aliasing (Preferred)

Register a concrete type and invoke as an interface without explicit aliasing:

// Register concrete type
do.Provide(injector, func(i do.Injector) (*PostgreSQLDatabase, error) {
    return &PostgreSQLDatabase{}, nil
})

// Invoke directly as interface (implicit aliasing)
db := do.MustInvokeAs[Database](injector)

5. Named Services

Register multiple services of the same type:

do.ProvideNamed(injector, "primary-db", func(i do.Injector) (*Database, error) {
    return &Database{URL: "postgres://primary..."}, nil
})

mainDB := do.MustInvokeNamed[*Database](injector, "primary-db")

Package Organization

Use do.Package() to organize service registration by module:

// infrastructure/package.go
var Package = do.Package(
    do.Lazy(func(i do.Injector) (*postgres.DB, error) {
        cfg := do.MustInvoke[*Config](i)
        return postgres.Connect(cfg.DatabaseURL)
    }),
    do.Lazy(func(i do.Injector) (*redis.Client, error) {
        cfg := do.MustInvoke[*Config](i)
        return redis.NewClient(cfg.RedisURL), nil
    }),
)

// main.go
injector := do.New(infrastructure.Package, service.Package)

Full Application Setup

func main() {
    injector := do.New(
        infrastructure.Package,
        repository.Package,
        service.Package,
        transport.Package,
    )

    server := do.MustInvoke[*http.Server](injector)
    go server.ListenAndServe()

    _ = injector.ShutdownOnSignalsWithContext(context.Background(), os.Interrupt)
}

Best Practices

1. Depend on interfaces, not concrete types — lets you swap implementations in tests without touching production code
2. Each service should have one job — services with multiple responsibilities are harder to test and harder to replace
3. Keep dependency trees shallow — chains beyond 3-4 levels make initialization order fragile and errors harder to trace
4. Handle errors in provider functions — a silently failing provider creates a broken service that crashes later in unexpected places
5. Use scopes to organize services by lifecycle — request-scoped services prevent leaks, global services prevent redundant initialization
6. Use do.MustInvoke* inside provider functions instead of do.Invoke* — samber/do correctly catches and recovers the panic at the outer Invoke call, turning it back into a returned error, so it's safe to use inside providers and you get the same error propagation without the boilerplate

For scopes, lifecycle management, struct injection, and debugging, see Advanced Usage.

For testing patterns (cloning, overrides, mocks), see Testing.

Quick Reference

Registration

Invocation

Cross-References

• → See samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-dependency-injection skill for DI concepts, comparison, and when to adopt a DI library
• → See samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-structs-interfaces skill for interface design patterns
• → See samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-testing skill for general testing patterns