1. 2024/08 748 50 https://github.com/chenshuo/typeset chenshuo_AT_chenshuo.com (cost) (efficiency) (quality) typesetting type ¬ ­ set / Typesetting 1 a face (imprint) “H” typeface 7 ® 1: 868 ¯ zǐ 11 ° 毕昇 1103 ¬ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sort_(typesetting) ­ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movable_type ® https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ ¯ https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/{ ° https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ } 1 (type) a face

2. 15 (Johannes Gutenberg) ¬ ­ 100 ® 2: The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy ¯ (type case) uppercase lowercase ¬ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutenberg_Bible ­ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_Revolution ® https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_manuscript ¯ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composing_stick 2 3

3. 3: 4 (uppercase) 9 ¬ 23mm (0.918 inch) 10cm 5 21.2mm 500g 19 (Robert Mor- ­ rison) 750 (William Gamble) ® 19 3.7mm (10.5pt) Gamble 19 ¯ Ottmar Mergenthaler (slug ¬ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_metal ­ https://www.icm.gov.mo/rc/viewer/pdfViewerParts/10049/2736 ® https://www.cgan.net/book/books/print/g-history/gb_9/13_1.htm ¯ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linotype_machine ° https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slug_(typesetting) 3 Linotype ° ) 13 1

4. 1970s ¬ Linotype 3 lines) (newspaper 14 Good Morning! 4: Linotype slug Monotype ­ (caster) (slug) 1968 (paper tape) The Art Of Computer Programming Donald E. Knuth (flong) ® ¯ ° ± ¬ https://archive.org/details/FarewellEtaoinShrdlu ­ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotype_system ® https://baike.baidu.com/item/ ¯ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotype_(printing) ° ± /363376 https://jnews.xhby.net/waparticles/e5dd22553b49449483d12fc1d9ba882c/lovybSnXYNoT3SKL/1 http://www.93wxjjh.com/cn/impinfo.aspx?mainID=120&cid=1051 4

5. ¬ (limestone) (printing plate) lithography/ ( /hydrophobe) (hydrophile) ­ (offset printing) ® (offset) film PS (presensitized plate) (computer-to-plate) phototypesetting ¯ 5: 陈堃銶 ° (CRT) ¬ ­ (stencil) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letterpress_printing https://www.metmuseum.org/about-the-met/collection-areas/drawings-and-prints/materials-and-techniques/printmaking/lithograph ® https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offset_printing ¯ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phototypesetting ° https://haagens.com/oldtype.tpl.html 5

6. 1. word 2. paragraph 3. line breaking 4. hyphenation pagination H, e, l, l, o Hello for for (char ch : word) { output(xpos, ch); xpos += width[ch]; } ligature ¬ / f kerning ­ f, i, j, l, t glyph find, flow, difficiult, shuffle find find ffi shelfful ffi ff shelfful kerning WAVE, Tom Tom o Tom T kerning ligature kerning 6: ® ¯ fi (characters) shaping engine long S (glyphs) i text ° HarfBuzz ¬ https://fonts.google.com/knowledge/glossary/ligature ­ https://fonts.google.com/knowledge/glossary/kerning_kerning_pairs ® https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/opentype/spec/gsub ¯ https://developer.apple.com/fonts/TrueType-Reference-Manual/RM06/Chap6lcar.html ° https://github.com/harfbuzz/harfbuzz 6 .../kern kern

7. 2 ¬ French ­ ® spacing (.) Mr. Chen Mr. mister Mr. Chen period 3 full stop ¯ (paragraph) (justification) (line breaking) ° Charles III A Appendix A A A/B/C/D ± (hyphenation) ¬ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_spacing ­ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_sentence_spacing ® https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_spacing_in_language_and_style_guides ¯ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_wrap_and_word_wrap ° https://www.thetype.com/2018/05/14501/ Eric Q. Liu ± https://www.thetype.com/2018/01/14017/ Eric Q. Liu 7

8. widow (greedy algorithm) (runt) ¬ (indent) Donald Knuth Michael Plass 1981 70 line breaking 60 Breaking Paragraphs into Lines Knuth-Plass ­ (dynamic programming) TEX Knuth-Plass (combinatorial optimization) ( demerits) badness ( 50) penalty demerits Knuth-Plass ® • the river • TEX algo- rithm (justification) TEX ¬ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widows_and_orphans ­ http://www.eprg.org/G53DOC/pdfs/knuth-plass-breaking.pdf ® https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb34-1/tb106mitt.pdf 8 TEX (tracking)

9. 4 line breaking (pagination) (vertical justification) widow orphan runt ¬ orphan widow widow orphan ­ orphan Michael Plass “Optimal Pagination Techniques for Automatic Typesetting Systems” ® (hyphenation) (syllable) syllabification the- rapists father favorite fa- fa- present (pre·sent pres·ent) Donald Knuth Com-put-er Frank Liang 1983 Word Hy-phen-a-tion by ¯ libhyphen ° (typography) ± ¬ https://fonts.google.com/knowledge/glossary/widows_orphans ­ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widows_and_orphans ® https://tug.org/docs/plass/plass-thesis.pdf ¯ https://www.tug.org/docs/liang/ ° https://github.com/hunspell/hyphen ± https://www.pragma-ade.com/pdftex/thesis.pdf https://tug.org/interviews/liang.pdf 9 600

10. Stanford 1968 ming ¬ Donald Knuth 1 The Art of Computer Program- 2 1973 3 1 Monotype Bell Labs 1973 Ken Thompson Unix Dennis Ritchie C Unix V4 Bell Labs GSI ­ C/A/T Joe F. Ossanna PDP-11 troff typesetter t troff typesetter roff roff (line printer) troff CAT 50 newspa- per lines per minute Linotype 102 (glyphs) 16 15 5pt 72pt -p troff 7: CAT ® ¯ stderr 1974 8 Unix nications of the ACM The UNIX Time-Sharing System 7 ° Unix ¬ https://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~knuth/taocp.html ­ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAT_(phototypesetter) ® https://man.cat-v.org/unix_7th/1/troff ¯ https://www2.dmst.aueb.gr/dds/blog/20131211/index.html ° https://dsf.berkeley.edu/cs262/unix.pdf 10 Commu- 16-bit PDP-11

11. 64KiB Unix V5 ¬ eqn(1) Bell Labs Brian W. Kernighan gramming Styles 1 P. J. Plauger 8 Elements of Pro- troff ­ Donald Knuth 8: Unix troff 1975 CAT CRT ® Unix V6 tbl(1) ¬ ­ ® ¯ ¯ Brian W. Kernighan and Lorinda L. Cherry. “A system for typesetting mathematics.” CACM 1975/03. Brian W. Kernighan Unix: A History and a Memoir 5.3 UNIX https://www.icst.pku.edu.cn/gywm/fzlc/index.htm M. E. Lesk. “Tbl — A Program to Format Tables.” Bell Labs CSTR 49, 1976. 11

12. 1976 108 × 108 742DPI 742 ≈ 108 10.5 72 96 × 96 × 10 000 bits 800bits 7 11 Brian W. Kernighan P. J. Plauger Software Tools 1 8 “This book was set in Times Roman and Helvetica Regular by the authors, using a Graphic Systems phototypesetter driven by a PDP-11/45 running under the UNIX operating system.” Monotype 3 1977 Lasercomp Donald Knuth Programming 2 The Art of Computer 2 (galley proofs) TEXDR.AFT ¬ 5 26 6 7 ­ TEX.ONE (Frank Liang Michael Plass) 9 15% sabbatical/ 2 12 1 1978 (AMS) Mathematical typography TEX78 PDP-10 18-bit Gibbs TEX 16-bit PDP-11 1MB PDP-10 36-bit 5 2 Knuth 2 TEX78 ¯ 700 https://www.saildart.org/TEXDR.AFT[1,DEK]1 ­ https://www.saildart.org/TEX.ONE[1,DEK]1 ¯ PDP-10 TEX ¬ ® 3 SAIL The Art of Computer Programming 11 Donald Knuth ® 9 https://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1979-01-02/S0273-0979-1979-14598-1/S0273-0979-1979-14598-1.pdf Donald Knuth. The Errors of TEX. https://yurichev.com/mirrors/knuth1989.pdf 12

13. sabbatical year “Tau Epsilon Chi, a system for technical text.” 200 TEX Bell System Technical Journal (BSTJ) 7/8 (document preparation) Ossanna ¬ Unix troff 1977 Brian Kernighan The C Programming Language 1 Joe Dennis Ritchie “This book was set (K&R) in Times Roman and Courier 12 by the authors, using a Graphic Systems phototypesetter driven by a PDP-11/70 running under the UNIX operating system.” Bell Labs 1979 6 2024 Mergenthaler 25 Linotype Linotron 202 350 newspaper lines per minute CAT 7 Brian Kernighan troff ditroff CAT ditroff Linotron 202 Bell Labs 9 9: Linotron 202 ­ Donald Knuth Typesetting ® TEX TEX and METAFONT : New Directions in METAFONT TEX78 TEX82 384DPI Donald Knuth SAIL ° ¯ Pascal TEX PDP-10 TEX78 ¬ https://vtda.org/pubs/BSTJ/1978.07_-_Bell_System_Technical_Journal.pdf ­ https://www.cs.princeton.edu/~bwk/202/ ® https://archive.org/details/texmetafontnewdi0000knut ¯ Donald Knuth, “TEX incunabula”, TUGboat, 1984. https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb05-1/tb09knut.pdf ° SAIL Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory/Language 13

14. Bell Labs Donald Knuth 7 I 8 10 65 ¬ 240×350mm 8 11 9 II II Typesetting Controller 10: I 9 1980 TC83, TC 1983 11: 8 I 32 11 26 ­ 2 TEX Donald Knuth TEX (TUG) TUGboat 10 Ignacio Zabala David Fuchs Luis Trabb-Pardo DVI TEX82 ¬ https://github.com/chenshuo/typeset/blob/master/wangxuan1979.pdf ­ https://www.icst.pku.edu.cn/gywm/fzlc/index.htm ® https://tug.org/TUGboat/Contents/contents1-1.html 14 ® Pascal

15. 2 1981 10 7 • I - • • 陈堃銶 ¬ CL • CL • • • • • • Donald Knuth 2 2 TEX78 1977 Brian W. Kernighan The Art Of Computer Programming 4 PIC — A Language for Typesetting Graphics pic(1) troff (pic) (tbl) pic files | tbl | eqn | troff -ms 12 1982 (eqn) ­ John Warnock Xerox PARC ® ¯ Charles Geschke Adobe Palo Alto Interpress Adobe PostScript Xerox 1950s (xerography) Xerox 914 Haloid Xerox machine 1960s Xerox (photocopier) xerox google Donald Knuth TEX82 TEX Xerox Graphics Printer (XGP) ° (raster) XGP ¬ CL TEX Xerox XGP 192 DPI CRT Knuth Computer Laser Computer Modern BD ­ https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/872730.806459 ® https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox_PARC ¯ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpress ° https://gunkies.org/wiki/Xerox_Graphics_Printer Stanford 15 PARC

16. II 1983 TC83 Am2900 (bit-slicing micro-processor) Ken Thompson Dennis Ritchie II 1984 Donald Knuth Adobe METAFONT 84 The TEXBook PostScript (level 1) Type 1 Bézier (hinting) HP LaserJet LBP-CX 300DPI 2024 PCL 10 500 3500 LBP-CX PC-20 /toner cartridge ¬ II 1985 III DJS-153 DG Desktop 10/SP Apple LaserWriter 300DPI LBP-CX 7000 Image Processor PostScript RIP 12MHz Machintosh Raster 68000 CPU PostScript (rasterization) PageMaker 1.0 Leslie Lamport L A TEX 2.09 L A T EX TEX TEX TEX L A T EX Adobe Leslie Lamport L A TEX 2013 Paxos III 1986 1986 Donald Knuth ¬ ­ 12 4 30 Computers & Typesetting 5 ­ http://www.hparchive.com/seminar_notes/HP_LaserJet_The%20Early%20History_by_Jim_Hall_110512.pdf https://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~knuth/abcde.html 16

17. 5 1987 III III 4 ¬ IV 1988 IV ­ 430 1989 ® HTS ¯ TEX 3.0 8-bit Donald Knuth TEX 5 1990 28 ° 100 5 1991 Adobe 91 PostScript level 2 Apple TrueType PostScript Type 1 ± Type 1 TrueType Adobe Bézier Type 1 ² Windows 3.1 1992 TrueType Windows 3.2 TrueType PostScript level 2 1993 93 94 2 2001 2023 65 2006 2 70 ¬ https://www.pkuef.org/old/info/1175/5334.htm ­ http://www.rmlt.com.cn/2018/1228/536314.shtml ® https://m.thepaper.cn/baijiahao_13029361 ¯ https://www.pkuef.org/old/info/1175/6281.htm 陈堃銶 ° https://cn.govopendata.com/renminribao/1990/5/28/1/#870258 ± https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostScript_fonts ² https://mail.gnu.org/archive/html/freetype-devel/2000-01/msg00052.html 毕昇 2009 17

18. I∼IV 1981 ¬ 2 ­ + I 1979 DJS-130 II 1983 DJS-153 III 1985 DG Desktop 10/SP TC83 IV 1988 286 TC86 I + + TC83 Am2900 II III 40 II 8 IV 90% IV V 91 93 + (laser imager) 340kB 5MB 16-bit DJS-130 32 KiB 64 KiB 12: I I 1978 8 10 1980 1979 9 ¬ https://www.icst.pku.edu.cn/kxyj/kycg/zllb/1222358.htm ­ https://wangxuan.pku.edu.cn/wencui?tab=jiguangzhaopai 18 15 1979 7 32 27

19. 11 1981 7 I ↕ 13: X Y 29.2 25.4mm/742 ≈ 34.2µm 1 (742 DPI) = 25.4 × 11 388 16 756 1650 RPM Y 27.5 4 × 27.5 = 110 4 ) I 108 × 65 = 7020 65 / 8 (108 65 (11 388/110 ≈ 103.5 100 570mm × 380mm ) 2 8 4 III 10 −8 5.0688MHz 1024 495Hz 18 1 27.5 495/18 = 27.5 4 Y (34.2 × 4 ≈ 137µm) 5.0688MHz 110 11 460.8kHz 4 460.8k/27.5 ≈ 16 756.4 16 756/742 × 25.4/π ≈ 183mm 18 495Hz 11 19

20. 4 1975 MB 7000 (run-length encoding) LZ77/LZ78 1975 (bitmap fonts) 朩 J A B I C H G D E F 15: 14: 14 A ∼ J 10 15 100 700kB TrueType 20 7000

21. 9 9 128 × 128 2 64 × 64 3 1 I ∼ IV V (outline fonts) PostScript 91 (vector fonts) TrueType Bézier Linotron 202 9 93 108 × 108 96 × 96 96 × 96 4.2 16 4.2MB 16: 128 × 128 (512 × 512 ) 3000 21

22. (special purpose) I 74 16-bit TTL 1960s ¬ 340kB (core) 32KiB 1960s 1500 RPM 12 480ms 340kB 3400 3000 340kB I 32KiB 8 10MB 65 65 × 108 = 7020 8 7040 7020 8 2 × 7040B ≈ 14.1kB (double buffering) 14 ( 1000 27.5 72ms × 2 ≈ 72.73) 72ms 65 7kB 2 × 7296B ≈ 14.6kB 1s 512 1KiB 32KiB 3.0KiB 1. 2. 3. 8 2 3 1 1 2 (prefetching) (read-ahead) I ¬ MB https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_memory 22

23. kB kB 28 1979 9 II ¬ • PC Am2900 II TC83 I 512KiB RAM RAM • 8 ( 8192 742 8192 32 × 25.4 ≈ 280mm) 2 × 32 × 8192/8 = 4 64KiB • TC83 200 DRAM • 371 DPI III TC83 DJS-153 Nova IV 9 DG Desktop 10/SP PC 286/386 1988 Am29116 TC86 1984 TC88 TC86 16-bit WA 710 / WI 40MB ­ 91 IV WA WI ® CG ¬ ­ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD_Am2900 https://wangxuan.pku.edu.cn/article?id=1023 40MB RAM CN85100285A ® SS https://www.ccf.org.cn/Computing_history/Full_List/2020/First_class/2021-01-20/722005.shtml 23 512KB 2MB

24. • • I ∼ IV https://github.com/chenshuo/typeset/issues 24