1. Periods The Periodic Table of the Elements, in Pictures Alkali Metals Group 1 H Hydrogen Atomic Symbol 1 Symbols _____ium Examples at room temperature Z metallic solid red liquid colorless gas Human Body top ten elements by weight Earth's Crust Name top eight elements by weight Magnetic 4 3 Be Beryllium Lithium Li Gas ferromagnetic at room temperature Noble Metals Widgets 2 Metals Radioactive Batteries Na Sodium Emeralds Nonmetals Transition Metals B Boron Carbon Group 14 5 C Carbon Nitrogen Group 15 6 N Nitrogen 7 O Oxygen Group 16 Oxygen Halogens 17 8 F Fluorine 1 Balloons 9 Ne Neon 10 2 Rare Earth Metals all isotopes are radioactive Actinide Metals Only Traces Found in Nature Sports Equipment Advertising Basis of Life's Air Protein Toothpaste Signs Molecules 16 Cl 15 S 18 17 Ar 14 P Al 13 Si Sulfur Phosphorus Argon Chlorine Silicon Aluminum less than a millionth percent of earth's crust only made by people 3 Boron Group 13 2 Helium Superheavy Elements Never Found in Nature 12 11 Mg Magnesium He H corrosion-resistant How it is (or was) used or where it occurs in nature Noble Gases 18 Color Key Noble Gases Halogens A Liquid The color of the symbol is the color of the element in its most common pure form. als ids et o nm all r No Met Poo ls ta Me Sun and Stars Alkali Earth Metals 2 number of protons Solid Alkali Earth Metals Alkali Metals 1 Atomic Number 3 Transition Metals Swimming Stone, Sand, Eggs Bones Light Bulbs Chlorophyll Airplanes 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Pools and Soil 30 Ga 29 Zn 28 Cu 27 Ni 25 Fe 26 Co 24 Mn 23 Cr 22 V 21 Ti 20 Sc 19 Ca 34 Br 33 Se 36 35 Kr 31 Ge 32 As Zinc Copper Nickel Cobalt Manganese Iron Chromium Vanadium Titanium Scandium Calcium Potassium Selenium Arsenic Krypton Bromine Gallium Germanium Salt K 4 4 Brass Electric Stainless Shells and Fruits and Photography Light-Emitting Semiconductor Steel Coins Magnets Earthmovers Structures Springs Aerospace Bicycles Copiers Poison Flashlights Instruments Diodes (LEDs) Electronics Wires Steel Bones Vegetables Film 48 In 47 Cd 46 Ag 45 Pd 44 Rh 43 Ru 42 Tc 41 Mo 40 Nb 39 Zr 38 Y Rb 37 Sr 51 Te 53 Xe 50 Sb 49 Sn 52 I 54 Cadmium Silver Palladium Rhodium Ruthenium Molybdenum Technetium Niobium Zirconium Yttrium Strontium Rubidium Antimony Iodine Tin Indium Tellurium Xenon 5 5 Global Navigation Cs Cesium Fireworks 55 Ba Barium 56 Lasers 57 - 71 Rare Earth Metals 6 X-Ray Diagnosis 88 Fr 87 Ra Radium Francium Atomic Clocks 89 - 103 6 Nuclear Mobile Surgical Anti-Static Radioactive Rocket Fire Lamp Low-Temperature Labware Jewelry Spark Plugs Pen Points Weights Thermometers Thermometers Submarines Phones Implants Medicine Brushes Engines Sprinklers Filaments Rf 104 Db 109 Ds 110 Rg 117 Og 118 107 Hs 108 Mt 115 Lv 116 Ts 105 Sg 106 Bh 113 Fl 114 Mc 111 Cn 112 Nh Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Bohrium Hassium Dubnium Seaborgium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson Rutherfordium Actinide Metals 7 8 Pollution Searchlight Electric Radioactive Cutting Mag Lev Chemical Car Plated Liquid Crystal Thermoelectric High-Intensity Paint Jewelry Disinfectant Control Reflectors Switches Diagnosis Tools Trains Pipelines Batteries Displays (LCDs) Food Cans Coolers Lamps Hf 72 Ta 78 Au 79 Hg 86 77 Pt 85 Rn 76 Ir 84 At 75 Os 83 Po 74 Re 82 Bi 73 W 80 Tl 81 Pb Hafnium Platinum Gold Radon Iridium Astatine Osmium Polonium Rhenium Bismuth Tungsten Lead Tantalum Mercury Thallium Laser Atom Traps 119 Luminous Watches 120 7 Superheavy Elements radioactive, never found in nature, no uses except atomic research 121... Rare Earth Metals 58 Pr La 57 Ce 65 Dy 64 Tb 71 70 Lu 63 Gd 67 Er 69 Yb 59 Nd 60 Pm 61 Sm 62 Eu 66 Ho 68 Tm Cerium Lanthanum Terbium Gadolinium Lutetium Ytterbium Europium Holmium Thulium Samarium Dysprosium Erbium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium 6 Lighter Telescope Fluorescent Smart Material MRI Scientific Photodynamic Color Laser Laser Torchworkers' Electric Motor Luminous Electric Motor Optical Fiber Flints Lenses Lamps Diagnosis Medicine Fiber Lasers Dials Televisions Surgery Surgery Eyeglasses Magnets Magnets Actuators Communications 97 Cf Ac 89 Th 96 Bk 95 Cm 102 Lr 103 93 Pu 94 Am 98 Es 99 Fm 91 U 92 Np 100 Md 101 No 90 Pa Berkelium Actinium Curium Americium Nobelium Lawrencium Neptunium Plutonium Californium Einsteinium Protactinium Uranium Fermium Mendelevium Thorium Actinide Metals 7 Radioactive Medicine Gas Lamp Mantles Radioactive Waste Nuclear Power Radioactive Waste Nuclear Weapons Smoke Detectors Mineral Analyzers Radioactive Waste Mineral Analyzers radioactive, never found in nature, no uses except atomic research © 2005–2016 Keith Enevoldsen elements.wlonk.com Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License

2. The Periodic Table of the Elements, in Words Periods Hydrogen belongs to no definite group. It forms compounds by either donating an electron like an alkali metal or accepting an electron like a halogen. 1 Alkali Metals are very reactive and readily form compounds but are not found free in nature. They form salts and alkali (acid-neutralizing) compounds such as baking soda. In pure form, they are very soft metals which catch fire on contact with water. Group 1 H Hydrogen 1 explosive gas, lightest element; 90% of atoms in the universe, sun and stars, water (H 2 0), life's organic molecules 2 Li 2 Lithium 3 Be Beryllium 4 lightest metal, lightweight metal; soft, reactive; non-sparking lightweight copper alloy tools, aluminum alloys, aerospace, batteries, X-ray windows, impact-resistant beryl gems: ceramic cookware, emeralds and mood stabilizer aquamarines Na 3 Alkali Earth Metals are reactive and readily form compounds but are not found free in nature. Their oxides are called alkali earths. In pure form, they are soft and somewhat brittle metals. Atoms Atoms form molecules by bonding together. Atoms give, take, or share electrons to achieve full outer electron shells. Particles +1 Proton 0 Neutron -1 Electron Electron shells + Salt Protons have positive electric charge, neutrons are neutral, and electrons are negative. Normally, an atom has equal numbers of protons and electrons. An ion is a charged atom with more or fewer electrons than protons. An element is a substance made from one or more atoms of the same atomic number. A compound is a substance made from two or more elements chemically bonded. 4 5 Vanadium 23 hard metal; hard strong resilient steel, structures, vehicles, springs, driveshafts, tools, aerospace, violet sapphires V 6 7 Cr Chromium 24 Mn Manganese 25 hard shiny metal; hard metal; stainless steel hard tough steel, (Fe-Cr-Ni), earthmovers, kitchenware, rock crushers, nichrome heaters, rails, plows, axes, car trim, paints, batteries, recording tape, fertilizer, emeralds & rubies amethysts 8 5 Zr Zirconium 40 non-corroding neutron-resistant metal; chemical pipelines, nuclear reactors, furnace bricks, abrasives, zircon gems 6 Cs Cesium 55 soft metal, melts on a hot day, reactive, largest stable atoms; atomic clocks, global navigation (GPS), vacuum tube scavenger Hf Hafnium 72 Ta Tantalum 73 W Tungsten 74 Re Rhenium 75 Os Osmium 76 non-corroding high-melting-point highest-melting- high-melting-point non-corroding dense metal; high-melting-point metal, non-corroding point metal, dense; filaments in rocket engines, hard metal, absorbs neutrons; metal; lamps and TVs, heater coils, densest element nuclear reactor labware, cutting tools, lab filaments, (same as iridium); control rods in surgical tools, abrasives, electric contacts, electric contacts, submarines, artificial joints, thermocouples thermocouples, pen tips, needles, plasma torch capacitors, catalyst fingerprint powder electrodes mobile phones 7 Fr Francium 87 Ra Radium 88 radioactive, radioactive, short-lived long-lived; atoms larger luminous watches than cesium; (now banned), small traces medical radon in nature, production, studied in radiography, laser atom traps radwaste 119 Ba 57 - 71 Rare Earth Metals 89 - 103 Tc Technetium 43 Ru Ruthenium 44 Rh Rhodium 45 radioactive, non-corroding non-corroding long-lived; hard metal; hard shiny metal; first human-made electric contacts, labware, element, only leaf switches, reflectors, traces on Earth pen tips, electric contacts, but found in stars, catalyst, thermocouples, medical hydrogen catalyst, diagnostic tracer production pollution control Metallic bond Shared outer electrons flow, conducting heat and electricity. 10 Pd Palladium 46 non-corroding hard metal, absorbs hydrogen; labware, electric contacts, dentistry, catalyst, pollution control 11 Cu Copper 29 colored metal, conducts heat and electricity well; wires, cookware, brass (Cu-Zn), bronze (Cu-Sn), coins, pipes, blue crab blood Metalloids are partly like metals and partly like nonmetals. For example, they are semiconductors, which means they conduct electricity in some conditions. 13 Nonmetals , in their solid state, are usually brittle (they break rather than bend) and they are insulators of both heat and electricity. 14 15 16 17 Fluorine 9 Ne Neon 10 yellowish inert gas; poison gas, orange-red most reactive neon tubes for element; advertising signs, glowing fluorite, lasers, toothpaste, supercold nonstick cookware, refrigerant CFC refrigerants 2 Al Aluminum 13 lightweight non- corroding metal; kitchenware, cans, foil, machinery, cars, planes, bikes, feldspar, granite, clay, ceramics, corundum, gems Sulfur 16 Cl Chlorine 17 Ar Argon 18 Si Silicon 14 P Phosphorus 15 S hard metalloid; glowing white waxy brittle yellow solid; greenish poison gas; inert gas; quartz, granite, solid (also red skin, hair, salt (NaCl), bleach, 1% of air, sand, soil, clay, and black forms); eggs, onions, stomach acid, most abundant ceramics, glass, bones, DNA, garlic, skunks, disinfectant, inert gas, algae, diatoms, energy-storing hot springs, drinking water, light bulbs, semiconductors, phosphates (ATP), volcanos, gypsum, swimming pools, "neon" tubes, computer chips, fertilizer, acids, rubber, acids, PVC plastic lasers, silicone rubber detergent, matches papermaking pipes and bottles welding gas 3 Zinc Zn 30 Ga Gallium 31 non-corroding soft metal, melts metal; on a hot day; galvanized steel, semiconductors, brass (Cu-Zn), light-emitting batteries, white diodes (LEDs) paint, phosphors (GaAs), in TVs and lamps, signal lights, fertilizer tiny lasers Ge Germanium 32 As Arsenic 33 Se Selenium 34 Br Bromine 35 Kr Krypton 36 inert gas; brittle metalloid; brittle metalloid; brittle gray solid; dark red liquid; poisons, disinfectant, high-intensity semiconductors, photocopiers, pools and spas, lamps, headlights, transistors, semiconductors, laser printers, photo film, flashlights, rectifiers, diodes, light-emitting photocells, flame retardant, lanterns, photocells, diodes (LEDs) red glass, "neon" tubes, lenses, (GaAs), dandruff shampoo, leaded gasoline, sedatives lasers infrared windows signal lights, rubber tiny lasers 4 In Iridium 77 Pt Platinum 78 Au Gold 79 Hg Mercury 80 non-corroding non-corroding most malleable liquid metal, hard metal, dense metal; element, dense toxic; densest element labware, non-tarnishing thermometers, (same as osmium); spark plugs, colored metal; barometers, labware, catalyst, jewelry, coins, thermostats, spark plugs, pollution control, ultra-thin street lamps, pen tips, needles petroleum cracking, gold leaf, fluorescent lamps, processing fats electric contacts dentistry Tl Ir Indium 49 Sn Tin 50 soft metal; non-corroding solders, soft metal; glass seals, solders, glass coatings, plated food cans, liquid crystal bronze (Cu-Sn), displays (LCDs), pewter cups, semiconductors, glassmaking, diodes, photocells fire sprinklers Thallium 81 soft metal, toxic; low-melting-point mercury alloys, low-temperature thermometers, undersea lamps, photocells N Sb Antimony 51 brittle metalloid; solders, lead hardener, batteries, bullets, semiconductors, photocells, matches, flame retardant Oxygen 8 colorless gas; 21% of air, H 2 O, 65% of the body, organic molecules, blood, breathing, fire, half of Earth's crust, minerals, oxides 1 C Ag Silver 47 Cd Cadmium 48 soft shiny metal, non-corroding conducts soft metal, toxic; electricity best electroplated of all elements; steel, jewelry, nicad batteries, silverware, coins, red and yellow dentistry, paints, photo film fire sprinklers Nitrogen 7 colorless gas; 78% of air, organic molecules, protein, muscles, DNA, ammonia, fertilizer, explosives (TNT), refrigerants 18 He Helium 2 inert gas, second lightest element; nuclear fusion in sun and stars, balloons, lasers, supercold refrigerant Boron B 5 hard black solid; borax soap, fertilizer, stiff fibers, sports equipment, heat-resistant borosilicate glass, semiconductors 12 Carbon 6 hard diamond, soft graphite; basis of life's organic molecules, animals, plants, CO 2 , wood, paper, cloth, plastic, coal, oil, gasoline Halogens are reactive nonmetals and readily form compounds but are not found free in nature. They combine with alkali metals to form salts (halogen means salt-former). O Te Tellurium 52 brittle metalloid; alloys, semiconductors, photocopiers, computer disks, thermo-electric coolers and generators F Iodine 53 Xe Xenon 54 I violet-black solid; inert gas; disinfectant for high-intensity wounds and lamps, headlights, drinking water, stadium lamps, added to salt projectors, to prevent strobes, lasers, thyroid disease, spacecraft photo film ion engines 5 Lead 82 Bi Bismuth 83 Po Polonium 84 At Astatine 85 Rn Radon 86 low-melting-point radioactive, radioactive, radioactive gas, dense, soft, brittle metal; long-lived; short-lived; short-lived; non-corroding solders, fuses, first radioactive small traces environmental metal, toxic; fire sprinklers element found, in nature, hazard, weights, solders, (plugs melt small traces cancer medicine surgical implants batteries, bullets, when hot), in nature, for cancer crystal glass, cosmetics pigment anti-static brushes, treatment old plumbing, radiation shield tobacco 6 Pb Rf 104 Db 105 Sg 106 Bh 107 Hs 108 Mt 109 Ds 110 Rg 111 Cn 112 Nh 113 Fl 114 Mc 115 Lv 116 Ts 117 Og 118 Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Actinide Metals 120 9 Iron 26 Co Cobalt 27 Ni Nickel 28 medium-hard hard metal, medium-hard metal, magnetic; magnetic; metal, magnetic; steel alloys hard strong steel, stainless steel are mostly iron, cutting tools, (Fe-Cr-Ni), structures, turbines, kitchenware, vehicles, magnets, magnets (Al-Ni-Co), nichrome heaters, Earth's core, blue glass, ceramics, nicad batteries, red rocks, blood vitamin B-12 coins, Earth's core Fe Yttrium 39 Rb Rubidium 37 Sr Strontium 38 Y soft metal, soft metal; soft metal; reactive; red fireworks, phosphors in atomic clocks, flares, color TVs, global navigation phosphors, lasers (YAG, YLF), (GPS), nuclear batteries, furnace bricks, vacuum tube medical high-temperature scavenger diagnostic tracer, superconductors nuclear fallout Nb Niobium 41 Mo Molybdenum 42 high-melting-point high-melting-point metal; non-corroding hard steel, metal; chemical pipelines, cutting tools, drill bits, superconductors, armor plate, magnetic gun barrels, levitation trains, fertilizer MRI magnets Ag soft and have low melting temperatures. malleable (they can be hammered into shape), flexible (in thin sheets or wires), and they conduct both heat and electricity. 3 Ag Ag Poor Metals are usually Transition Metals are typical metals: they are strong, shiny, Ca Silver Ag Group number 1 2 3-12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Outer electrons* 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Valence number* +1 +2 +2 +3 +4,-4 -3 -2 -1 0 * typical The valence number is the number of electrons given (+) or taken (-) when bonding. 4 8 O Water Ag Ag Elements in the same group, or column, are similar because they typically have the same number of outer electrons. This table shows some easy-to-remember common numbers for each group. Potassium 19 soft metal, reactive; salts, nerves, nutrients in fruits and vegetables, soap, fertilizer, potash, matches, gunpowder Barium 56 soft metal, absorbs X-rays; stomach X-ray contrast enhancer, green fireworks, whitener and filler for paper, plastic, and rubber Cl Ag H Groups The atomic weight of an element is the average number of protons plus neutrons. You can easily estimate the atomic weight: it is usually 2 to 2.5 times the atomic number. Calcium 20 Sc Scandium 21 Ti Titanium 22 soft metal; soft lightweight strongest bones, teeth, milk, metal; lightweight metal, leaves, vegetables, aluminum alloys, heat-resistant; shells, coral, racing bikes, aerospace, limestone, chalk, stadium lamps, racing bikes, gypsum, plaster, furnace bricks, artificial joints, mortar, cement, aquamarines white paint, marble, antacids blue sapphires Na H - H O Ionic bond Covalent bond One atom takes an Atoms share their electron from another outer electrons. atom and the oppositely charged ions attract. The atomic number is the number of protons in an atom. This determines the chemical properties of the atom. K H Cl Na An atom has a nucleus, made of protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons orbiting in cloud-like shells. Smaller shells are surrounded by larger shells. Mg Magnesium 12 lightweight metal; chlorophyll in green plants, talc, basalt, aluminum alloys, cars, planes, bikes, flares, sparklers, antacids are inactive, or inert. Each atom has exactly the number of electrons it needs to have a full outer shell, so these atoms almost never bond with other atoms. That is why these are all gases. Chemical Bonding Nucleus of protons and neutrons Sodium 11 soft metal, reactive; salt (NaCl), nerves, baking soda, antacids, lye, soap, soda ash, glass, papermaking, street lamps Noble Gases 7 Superheavy Elements radioactive, short-lived; never found in nature, no uses except atomic research 121... Rare Earth Metals are all soft metals. They are chemically similar to scandium and yttrium and are difficult to separate from each other. Actinide Metals are all radioactive heavy metals. They are used mainly for their radioactive properties. Radioactivity. Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes. Some isotopes are stable; others are radioactive — their nuclei eventually disintegrate. The radioactive half-life is the time for half the nuclei to disintegrate. On this chart, an element is called long-lived if the half-life of any of its isotopes is more than one year; otherwise it is called short-lived. Lu Lutetium 71 soft metal, densest and hardest rare earth metal; cancer-fighting photodynamic (light-activated) medicine 6 99 Fm 100 Md 101 No 102 Lr 103 Uranium 92 Np Neptunium 93 Pu Plutonium 94 Am Americium 95 Cm Curium 96 Bk Berkelium 97 Cf Californium 98 Es Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium radioactive, radioactive, radioactive, radioactive, radioactive, radioactive, radioactive, long-lived, dense; long-lived; long-lived; long-lived; long-lived; long-lived; long-lived; nuclear small traces small traces never found never found never found never found reactor fuel, in nature, in nature, in nature, in nature, in nature, in nature, nuclear weapons, neutron detectors, nuclear smoke detectors, scientific no uses, scientific counterweights, dosimeters, reactor fuel, sheet thickness instruments, radwaste instruments, armor piercing nuclear weapons, spacecraft power, gauges, mineral analyzers, mineral analyzers, radioactive, short-lived; never found in nature, no uses except atomic research bullets radwaste nuclear weapons radwaste radwaste radwaste 7 La Lanthanum 57 Ce Cerium 58 Pr Praseodymium 59 Nd Neodymium 60 Pm Promethium 61 soft metal; soft metal; soft metal; soft metal; radioactive, optical glass, most abundant torchworkers' strong magnets long-lived; telescope rare earth metal, didymium eye- (Nd-Fe-B), human-made, eyepieces, lighter flints, glasses (Pr-Nd), electric motors, small traces camera lenses, gas lamp mantles, lighter flints, speakers and in nature, lighter flints, self-cleaning arc lamps, headphones, luminous dials, arc lamps ovens, magnets, lasers, sheet thickness glass polishing yellow glass lighter flints gauges Ac Actinium 89 Th Thorium 90 Pa Protactinium 91 radioactive, radioactive, radioactive, long-lived; long-lived; long-lived; most abundant small traces small traces in nature, radioactive element, in nature, cancer medicine, nuclear no uses, neutron source, reactor fuel, radwaste radwaste gas lamp mantles, tungsten filaments Sm Samarium 62 Eu Europium 63 Gd Gadolinium 64 Tb Terbium 65 Dy Dysprosium 66 soft metal; soft metal; soft metal, best soft metal; soft metal; magnets (Sm-Co), phosphors in neutron absorber, phosphors in nuclear electric motors, color TVs and magnetic; color TVs and control rods, speakers and trichromatic lamps, magnetic resonance trichromatic lamps, MRI phosphors, headphones, luminous paint, imaging (MRI) computer disks, computer disks, infrared sensors, lasers contrast enhancer, magnetostrictive magnetostrictive infrared-absorbing phosphors, neutron smart materials smart materials glass radiography (Terfenol-D®) (Terfenol-D®) Ho Holmium 67 Er Erbium 68 Tm Thulium 69 Yb Ytterbium 70 soft metal; soft metal; soft metal; soft metal; infrared lasers, fiber optic rarest stable fiber optic laser surgery, signal amplifiers, rare earth metal, signal amplifiers, eye-safe laser infrared lasers, infrared lasers, infrared rangefinders, laser surgery, laser surgery, fiber lasers, computer disks, pink glass, phosphors stainless steel yellow glass filters sunglasses, alloys vanadium alloys U © 2005–2016 Keith Enevoldsen elements.wlonk.com Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License