Vulnerability Audit

Task: Security Vulnerability Audit. You are auditing a binary for exploitable vulnerabilities.

Approach

Systematic, evidence-based. Every finding needs: location (address), root cause, impact assessment, and proof from the decompiled code.

Phase 1: Attack Surface Mapping

1. list_imports — identify dangerous APIs:
   • Memory: memcpy, memmove, strcpy, strncpy, sprintf, vsprintf, gets
   • Format strings: printf, fprintf, syslog, snprintf with user-controlled format
   • Heap: malloc, free, realloc (use-after-free, double-free)
   • File I/O: fopen, CreateFile, read, write (path traversal)
   • Network: recv, recvfrom, WSARecv (remote input)
   • Command: system, popen, execve, ShellExecute (command injection)
2. list_exports — identify entry points accessible to attackers
3. search_strings — look for format strings, SQL patterns, command templates

Phase 2: Input Tracing

For each dangerous API found:

1. xrefs_to on the import — find all call sites
2. decompile_function on each caller
3. Trace backwards: where does the buffer/size/format argument come from?
4. Is it user-controlled? (network input, file input, IPC, environment)
5. Are there bounds checks between input and dangerous API?

Phase 3: Vulnerability Classes

Buffer Overflow (Stack)

• Fixed-size stack buffer + unbounded copy (strcpy, sprintf, gets)
• Size parameter larger than destination buffer
• Off-by-one in loop bounds writing to stack buffer

Buffer Overflow (Heap)

• malloc(user_size) without upper bound check
• memcpy into heap buffer with unchecked length
• Integer overflow in size calculation → small allocation, large copy

Format String

• printf(user_input) without format specifier
• syslog, fprintf with attacker-controlled first argument

Integer Overflow/Underflow

• Arithmetic on user-controlled sizes before allocation
• Signed/unsigned comparison mismatches in bounds checks
• Multiplication overflow in array index calculations

Use-After-Free

• free() followed by continued use of the pointer
• Dangling pointers in linked structures after partial cleanup
• Race conditions in multi-threaded free/use paths

Command Injection

• system() / popen() with string concatenation from user input
• ShellExecute with user-controlled arguments

Type Confusion

• Cast between incompatible struct types
• Virtual function table corruption paths
• Union member access after wrong variant initialization

Phase 4: Report

For each finding:

[SEVERITY] Vulnerability Type at 0xADDRESS
Function: function_name
Root cause: <description>
Input path: <how attacker-controlled data reaches the vulnerable point>
Impact: <what an attacker can achieve>
Evidence: <relevant decompiled code snippet>

Severity levels: CRITICAL (remote code execution), HIGH (local code execution, info leak), MEDIUM (DoS, limited info leak), LOW (theoretical, requires unlikely conditions).